1. Oregon State University
A Methodology and Tools for the Prospective Identification of NextGen Human Factors Issues
Ken Funk
Oregon State University
Corvallis, Oregon, USA

2. NextGen: The Next Generation Air Transportation System
Goals: increase safety, security, capacity
Key Capabilities
Network-Enabled Information Access
Performance-Based Operations and Services
Weather Assimilated into Decision-Making
Layered, Adaptive Security
Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) Services
Aircraft Trajectory-Based Operations (TBO)
Equivalent Visual Operations (EVO)
Super-Density Arrival/Departure Operations
Some Flight Deck Changes
Internet-like information services
Access to a common weather picture
Integration of weather information into flight deck decision making
Negotiated four-dimensional aircraft trajectories
Equivalent visual operations in low visibility conditions
Delegated self-separation
Equipment and procedures for super-density arrival and departure operations.

3. Human Factors Issues NextGen Flight Deck Human Factors Issue
a possible condition or situation related to flight deck operations in which normal pilot characteristics, capabilities, limitations, and tendencies are very likely to lead to significant problems with NextGen effectiveness, efficiency, or safety.
NextGen (and related) Issue Identification
Wiener (1989): "Glass Cockpit" Aircraft
Williams, Holland,Tyler (2002): Capstone Program
MITRE (2006): SafeFlight 21
Sheridan, Corker, & Nadler (2006a, 2006b): Human-Automation interaction in NGATS
Funk, Mauro, & Barshi (2009): NextGen Flight Deck Human Factors Issues

4. Objectives Develop Issue Identification Methodology
Complementary, supplementary to other approaches
Prospective
Systematic
Top-down, analytical
Provide framework to organize issues by system function
Offer recommendations for remediation
Apply Methodology to NextGen Flight Deck

5. Human-Machine Systems Engineering Methodology (HMSEM) and Tools
Develop Functional Model
IDEF0/AI0Win
INav
Analyze Tasks
Identify Human Fallibilities
HFIRDB
Identify Potential Flight Crew Errors
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA)
Identify General Issues
Develop Requirements To Address Issues
Results kept in HMSEM Workbook

6. Develop Functional Model Using IDEF0: Integrated DEFinition language 0

7. IDEF0 Model A253, Get traffic info using HSI/CDTI

8. IDEF0 Model A253, Get traffic info using HSI/CDTI (detail)

9. IDEF0 Model A253, Get traffic info using HSI/CDTI (detail)

10. INav Representation

11. Human-Machine Systems Engineering Methodology (HMSEM) and Tools
Develop Functional Model
IDEF0/AI0Win
INav
Analyze Tasks
Identify Human Fallibilities
HFIRDB
Identify Potential Flight Crew Errors
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA)
Identify General Issues
Develop Requirements To Address Issues
Results kept in HMSEM Workbook

12. Analyze Tasks

13. Human-Machine Systems Engineering Methodology (HMSEM) and Tools
Develop Functional Model
IDEF0/AI0Win
INav
Analyze Tasks
Identify Human Fallibilities
HFIRDB
Identify Potential Flight Crew Errors
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA)
Identify General Issues
Develop Requirements To Address Issues
Results kept in HMSEM Workbook

14. Identify Human Fallibilities
Wiener (1987)
fallible humans + vulnerable system = error
Human Fallibilities Identification and Remediation Database (HFIRDB)
Compiled from Wickens & Hollands' (2000) Engineering Psychology and Human Performance, 2nd ed.
Application to selected task: User-driven DB queries
Reference task IDEF0 model, INav representation, Task Analysis results
Select relevant human information processing stage(s)
⇾ possible human fallibility categories
Choose from subset of human fallibility categories
⇾ conditions necessary for general fallibilities to be manifested
Identify conditions that exist in task.
⇾ conditions necessary for specific fallibilities to be manifested
Confirm task conditions
⇾ specific fallibilities that can be manifested
Generate fallibilities set for FMEA in HMSEM Workbook

15. Human-Machine Systems Engineering Methodology (HMSEM) and Tools
Develop Functional Model
IDEF0/AI0Win
INav
Analyze Tasks
Identify Human Fallibilities
HFIRDB
Identify Potential Flight Crew Errors
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA)
Identify General Issues
Develop Requirements To Address Issues
Results kept in HMSEM Workbook

16. Identify Potential Flight Crew Errors Using FMEA
Choose task for analysis.
Review IDEF0 model, INav representation.
Consider fallibilities from HFIRDB, other factors (from model)
Identify potential failure modes (flight crew errors)
For each failure mode/error,
Identify possible consequences
Estimate (1 [low] – 5 [high]):
Severity of consequences
Probability
Nondetectability
Compute Risk Priority Number
RPN = S x P x N

17. Some Potential Errors Arising From Human Fallibilities and Flight Deck Vulnerabilities

18. Human-Machine Systems Engineering Methodology (HMSEM) and Tools
Develop Functional Model
IDEF0/AI0Win
INav
Analyze Tasks
Identify Human Fallibilities
HFIRDB
Identify Potential Flight Crew Errors
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA)
Identify General Issues
Develop Requirements To Address Issues
Results kept in HMSEM Workbook

19. Identify General Issues

20. Human-Machine Systems Engineering Methodology (HMSEM) and Tools
Develop Functional Model
IDEF0/AI0Win
INav
Analyze Tasks
Identify Human Fallibilities
HFIRDB
Identify Potential Flight Crew Errors
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA)
Identify General Issues
Develop Requirements To Address Issues
Results kept in HMSEM Workbook

21. Develop Requirements To Address Issues

22. Discussion HMSEM Strengths Prospective Systematic
Based on validated human factors knowledge
Uses rich, functional modeling technique (IDEF0)
IDEF0 model provides framework for organizing
Human fallibilities
Potential errors
Recommended remediations
HMSEM Limitations
Time-consuming process
Most tools in prototype form
Still subject to analyst biases, limitations
Current application NextGen flight deck) limited in scope, accuracy

23. Recommendations HMSEM Development Expand HFIRDB
Convert HMSEM Workbook to Database Application
HMSEM Application
Assemble team of SMEs, NextGen engineers, HFEs
Refine & expand NextGen flight deck functional model
Reconcile model with NextGen Enterprise Architecture models
Use HMSEM to identify
Human fallibilities
Potential errors
General issues
Develop recommendations for
Standards
Design requirements

24. Human-Machine Systems Engineering Methodology (HMSEM) and Tools
Develop Functional Model
IDEF0/AI0Win
INav
Analyze Tasks
Identify Human Fallibilities
HFIRDB
Identify Potential Flight Crew Errors
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA)
Identify General Issues
Develop Requirements To Address Issues
Results kept in HMSEM Workbook