1. American society in transtion
The united states after the gilded age

2. Urbanization: growth of cities
Demography – the study of population
Important result of industrialization
Expansion of American cities

3. Urbanization: the growth of cities
Urbanization – the movement of people from the countryside to towns and cities
New York City 1900
40% of Americans were living in cities and that percentage was growing.
In 1865 only two American cities has populations over 500,000
By 1900 that number has risen to 6.
Three of them – NYC, Philly, and Chigago – had more than 1M.

4. Urbanization: growth of cities
Factors that contributed to urban growth
New farm machinery reduced the need for farm labor
Sought work in towns and cities
Rise of industry created new job opportunities
Cultural opportunities in cities
Entertainment
Immigration
As populations increased, cities were often unable to deal adequately with the problems presented by urbanization

5. Cities face new problems: overcrowding and congestions
Problems created by overcrowded cities
Inadequate public services: hospitals, police, schools, fire departments, street cleaning, garbage collection
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Transportation: horse-drawn coaches, electric trolley
Subway system built in 1900 to address pollution created by previous

6. Cities face new problems: overcrowding and congestion
Tenement – a house that is divided and rented out as separate residences, especially one that is run-down and overcrowded

7. Cities face new problems: overcrowding and congestion
Problems created by overcrowded cities
Overcrowding
tenements often lacked daylight, heat, fresh air, and adequate plumbing
Social Tensions
In the cities rich lived next to poor. Seeing the luxuries of the wealthy distressed poor and increased social tensions and crimes.

8. Cities face new problems: overcrowding and congestion
Political Machines - CORRUPT
Provided jobs and other services to immigrants and the poor in exchange for votes
Helped find housing and become naturalized citizens
Provided money in hard times
Often political machines were the ones who got streets paved, extended water pipes, or approved construction
Tammany Hall – New York City
Cities were often run by corrupt “political machines. The leaders of these machines were known as “political bosses”

9. Cities face new problems: overcrowding and congestion
Political Bosses
Leaders of the political machines
Told workers and supporters of the machine what to do
Boss Tweed
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10. Immigration Pull Factors Why Immigrants Came
Belief that American offered
Freedom
Economic opportunities
Cultural ties to relatives already living in the U.S.
Why Immigrants Came
Push factors – “push” immigrants out of their homelands
Pull factors – “pull” immigrants into a new country
Push Factors
Oppression
Poverty
Famine in Ireland
War
Religious / Ethnic Persecution

11. Immigration New Immigrants Southern and Eastern Europe
Poland, Italy, Austria-Hungary, Greece, Russia
Almost none spoke English
Majority were Catholic, Jewish, Orthodox Christian
Initial Hardships
Most settled in cities and were usually poor, dressed differently than other Americans, and were unfamiliar with American customs
Often faced hostility and discrimination from native-born Americans
Prior to 1900 most immigrants came from Northern Europe (Great Britian, Ireland, Germany) and were generally Protestant with the exception of Irish Catholics

12. Immigration Ethnic Ghettos
Ethnic neighborhoods where immigrants usually settled with relatives and others of the same Nationality
Immigrants felt more comfortable around those who
Spoke the same language
Followed the same cutsoms
In these communities immigrants could
Speak their native language
Attend their own churches and synagoges
Be among relatives and friend from the “Old Country”
Problems
These communities often isolated immigrants from mainstream America making it harder for them to adopt new cutoms
Problems
These communities often isolated immigrants from mainstream America making it harder for them to adopt new customs
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13. Immigration The Process of Americanization
Learning to dress, speak, and act like other Americans
Public schools greatly assisted in this process
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14. immigration The Rise of Nativists
Those born in or native to the United States who wanted restrictions to immigration
Believed those who were of other races, religions, and nationalities were inferior to WASPs
WASP – White Anglo-Saxon Protestant

15. immigration Chinese Exclusion Act
First federal law to restrict immigration
In California political leaders blamed unemployment and low wages on Chinese workers

16. The last American frontier
The line separating areas of settlement from “unsettled” wilderness territory

17. The Last American frontier
The Lure of Gold
California Gold Rush
Klondike Gold Rush in Alaska
People moved to Alaska, Colorado, and California seeking instant wealth

18. The last American frontier
Indian Wars
Union troops stationed along frontier defeated several Native American tribes on the Great Plains and Southwest
Moved them on to Reservations

19. the last American frontier
The Sioux
Discovery of Gold in Black Hills 1875
Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse defeat Custer and kill 264 soldiers at Little Big Horn
Wounded Knee – 1890 Slaughter of 300 unarmed Sioux men, women and children

20. the last American frontier
The Impact of Railroads
Railroads attracted increasing numbers of settlers to the West
Could ship crops by rail to the east
Often ran through Native American territory
Herds of buffalo destroyed

21. the last American frontier
Cheap Land
The Homestead Act
Any citizen could occupy 160 acres of government land if that land was “improved” by building a home and growing crops
Almost 1,400,000 homesteads were eventually granted

22. the Last American Frontier
The Cattle Industry
Much of the open range was closed by barbed-wire
Ranchers had to make many adaptations such as burning cow chips for fuel

23. the Fate of Native Americans
Reservations
The Trail of Tears
U.S. government pushed Native Ameicans from their tribal lands and onto reservations
Flood of settlers increased the need for available land

24. the fate of native americans
The Dawes Act
Speed up Americanization of Native Americans
Abolished Native American tribes
Each family was given 160 acres of reservation land
Each Native American was expected to become a farmer
Those who adopted the American way of life were given citizenship and the right to vote
Nearly destroyed the surviving Native American culture

25. the fate of Native Americans
American Indian Citizenship Act 1924
Under this act Congress declared that Native Americans did not have to give up tribal lands or customs to become citizen as the Dawes Act required
Ten years later the Dawes Act was replaced by an act guaranteeing tribal self-government