1. 1. Endocrine Gland Stimuli …
d. *Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Target Feedback Loop
When a hormone is the stimulus for the release of another hormone, the Hypothalamus and/or the Pituitary Gland hormones are involved
Hypothalamus: has Releasing & Inhibiting Hormones which travel directly to the Anterior Pituitary via special blood vessels
affect the release of 4 Anterior Pituitary Hormones
Anterior Pituitary: Some of its hormones are Stimulating Hormones which Regulates the secretion of the hormones of many other endocrine glands

2. 1. Endocrine Gland Stimuli …
d. *Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Target Feedback
Example: Thyroid Releasing hormone of the hypothalamus travels to Anterior Pit. Causing it to release Thyroid Stimulating Hormone. Then TSH travels to Thyroid Gland causing it to release the Thyroid Hormone. Finally the Thyroid Hormone travels to its target organs.
Final Hormone of Feedback Loop: As it’s levels Increase it will feeds back to Hypothalamus and Ant. Pituitary causing them to decreases hormone secretion
 Rhythmic hormone release: levels rise and fall in a pattern
SEE OPENSTAX TEXT PP. 696 & 704 Tables

3. MAJOR ENDOCRINE GLANDS III. Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus A
MAJOR ENDOCRINE GLANDS III. Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus A. HYPOTHALAMUS
- Nervous Sys Control
1. *Hormones that go
to the Anterior Pituitary
- Releasing & Inhibiting Hormones
Produced and Released in Hypothalamus
- Hormones carried by blood in the Hypophyseal Portal System directly to Anterior Pituitary
Releasing &
Inhibiting Hormones
1st Capillary Plexus
Hypophseal Portal Veins
2nd Capillary Plexus

4. A. HYPOTHALAMUS … Hypo. Hormones that go to the Posterior Pituitary
Posterior Pituitary is made of nervous tissue and is really an extension of the hypothalamus
The hormones are made in the hypothalamus and then move down the axons into the axon terminals.
There they are stored and released into the capillaries of the posterior pituitary whenever an action potential travels down the neurons 1

5. Relationships of Posterior Pituitary & HYPO.
Hypothalamas
synthesizes oxytocin
and ADH. 1
Paraventricular
nucleus
Hypothalamus
Supraoptic
nucleus
Oxytocin and ADH
transported along
hypothalamic-hypophyseal
tract to pituitary. 2
Optic chiasma
Infundibulum
(connecting stalk)
Inferior
hypophyseal artery
Hypothalamic-
hypophyseal
tract
Oxytocin and ADH
stored in axon terminals
in posterior pituitary. 3
Axon
terminals
Oxytocin and ADH
released into blood
when neurons fire. 4
Posterior
lobe of
pituitary
Oxytocin
ADH
(a) Relationship between the posterior pituitary and the hypothalamus

6. III. Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus… B. Pituitary Gland
Location
Hormones: 8
Lobes
Anterior Lobe:
(adenohypophysis)
Posterior Lobe:
Infundibulum
Hypophyseal Tract:
Hypophseal Portal Veins
Infundibulum
Figure 9.3

7. 1. Posterior Pituitary Hormones made by:
Hormones released into capillary bed of Post. Pit.
Hormones: (Direct Affect)
a. ADH:
Target:
Stimulus
Receptors:
sense osmolarity  nerve impulse to neurons with ADH

8. b. Oxytocin Problem: as H2O decreases, Blood Pressure _________
1. Posterior Pituitary …
a. ADH …
Problem: as H2O decreases, Blood Pressure _________
Osmoreceptors send nerve impulse to neurons storing ADH to cause its release
Affect of ADH:
Inhibition via Neg. Feedback: normal H2O & solute levels
b. Oxytocin
Target:
Stimulus:
Occurs during Child Birth. Occurs during child birth.

9. 1. Posterior Pituitary… Hormones …
b. Oxytocin …
Information is sent to hypothalamus via nervous system and Oxytocin is released.
Regulation:
Inhibition: Birth ends the stretching and stops + cycle

10. i) Biochemical: All 6 are proteins (or peptides)
2. Anterior Pituitary
Overview:
i) Biochemical: All 6 are proteins (or peptides)
ii) Hormone Mechanism: second-messenger systems
iii) Stimulus:
iv) 2 of the Ant. Pit Hormones go directly to target organs = Non-stimulating Hormones
Hypothalamus Hormone  Ant. Pit. Hormones (2 hormones)  Target Organ
v) 4 of the Anterior Pituitary Hormones: act as the hormonal stimulus for other Endocrine Glands = Stimulating hormones
Hypothalamus Hormone Ant. Pit. Stimulating Hormones  Endocrine Gland  Target Organ & Cells
Regulation: Via Neg. Feedback– usually the last hormone in the chain inhibits production of the other hormones

11. Anterior Pituitary Hormones
Non-stimulating Hormones
Stimulating Hormones

12. b. Non-stimulating Hormones
Hypothalmic hormone  non-stimulating hormone  target
i) Growth Hormone
Target:
Action:
Protein synthesis & tissue building: growth of
Metabolic Effects:
Regulation:
Stimulation:
Inhibition
GH feeds back to Hypothalamus
Synergism: Thyroid Hormone

13. Growth hormone disorders ** Students Do ** p. 708
Pituitary dwarfism -
Gigantism
Acromegaly
age 16
age 33
age 9
age 52

14. 2. Anterior Pituitary … e. Non-stimulating Hormone …
Prolactin (PRL)
Target:
Action:
Stimulus:
Regulation: Hormonal
Inhibition:
PIH = Dopamine

15. i) Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone = Thyrotropin
2. Anterior Pituitary …
c. Stimulating Hormones
= Tropic Hormones
Function:
i) Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone = Thyrotropin
Target:
Stimulus:
Action:
Regulation: Hormonal
Stimulation:
Inhibition: increasing Thyroid Hormone feed back to Hyp. & Pituitary

16. iii) Gonadotropins: FSH and LH FSH = Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
f. Stimulating Hormones of Ant. Pit. ii) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (corticotrophin)= ACTH
Target:
Action:
Regulationn:
Stimulation:
CRH =
Stress:
Inhibition: increasing Cortisol
iii) Gonadotropins: FSH and LH
FSH = Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
Synergism w/ LH: Ovarian Follicle maturation

17. f. Stimulating Hormones iii) Gonadotropins: FSH …
Regulation:
Stimulation:H
Inhibition: Gonadal Hormones
LH = Lutenizing Hormone
Target:
Stimulus:
Action:
Synergism w/ FSH:
Hormone secretion and Ovulation
Stimulation:

18. IV. Thyroid Gland B. Thyroxine Overview 1. Location & Structure:
2. Microscopic:
Follicles
b)Parafollicular cells:
B. Thyroxine
1. Active forms: T4 & T3
Production
Important: Iodine deficiencey

19. Inhibition: increasing Thyroid H. on Pit & Hy
IV. Thyroid Gland …
B. Thyroxine …
3. Actions: ↑ ↑
Growth
4. Regulation:
Release:
Inhibition: increasing Thyroid H. on Pit & Hy

20. Histology of the Thyroid Gland
Follicle
Colloid

21. D. Thyroid Hormone Disorders Students Do Goiters: 2. Hypothyroidism
C. Thyroxine …
D. Thyroid Hormone Disorders Students Do
Goiters:
2. Hypothyroidism
3. Hyperthyroidism
Grave”s Disease:

22. E. Calcitonin (insignificant) Production at: Target: Actions:
IV. Thyroid Gland …
E. Calcitonin (insignificant)
Production at:
Target:
Actions:
Inhibits: ↑
Antagonistic to
Regulation:
Stimulation:
Inhibition: decreasing blood levels of Ca+2

23. V. Parathyroid Glands & Parathyroid hormone
A. Location:
B. Antagonistic to
Histology & Production Site:
D. Target:
Parathyroid Gland
Thyroid Gland

24. Thyroid and Parathyroid

25. V. Parathyroid Gland & Hormone …
Actions
Activates
Stimulate
3. Vitamin D:
F. Regulation: Humoral
Release:
Inhibition: increasing Ca+2 blood levels
G. Importance:

26. VI. Adrenal Glands A. Overview 1. Location: Parts Adrenal Cortex
Tissue:
Hormones: Aldosterone (Mineralocorticoids), Cortisol (Glucocorticoids), Sex hormones
Layers: 3 (next slide)
b. Adrenal Medulla
Tissue:
Hormones: Epinephrine & Norepinephrine

27. Parts & Layers of Adrenal Gland
Hormones
Layers
= Capsule
= Zona Glomerulosa
= Zona Fasiculata
Adrenal Cortex
= Zona Reticularis

28. Lab Tips: Appearance of cells
Round clusters
Columns
Irregular Columns with white spaces
Round clusters, blood vessels
Lab Tips: Appearance of cells

29. Adrenal Cortex (Glomerulosa and fasciculata)

30. B. ADRENAL CORTEX 1. Mineralocorticoids
a. Target:
b. Aldosterone
i) Layer:
iii) Target:
Juxtaglomerular Complex
iv) Stimulus:
1) increasing
2) low blood

31. Regulation: Multiple Factors Release:
b. Aldosterone …
v) Actions: Direct
Indirectly:
Regulation: Multiple Factors
Release:
Humoral: decreased Na+ and increased K+
Stress  Hormonal: CRH  ATCH  Aldosterone

32. b. Aldosterone … iv) Regulation …
Most common stimuli
Release …
Kidney: Renin-Angiotensin- Aldosterone Mechanism
Juxtaglomerular Complex:
angiotensin II formed  Stimulates:
Inhibition: when decreasing K+ and increasing blood volume and BP

33. 2. Glucocorticoids a. Layer: b. Cortisol (significant amounts)
i) Target:
II) Stimulus: Hormonal
Long-term Stress  CRH  ACTH
iii) Actions:
Break-down of:
Decrease Immune System Activity

34. Adrenal Cortex – zona fasciculata

35. iv) Regulation: CRH (hypo)  ACTH (ant. pit.) Cortisol
2. Glucocorticoids …
iv) Regulation: CRH (hypo)  ACTH (ant. pit.) Cortisol
Inhibition: Hormonal via rising Cortisol levels -

36. 3. Gonadocorticoids Layer: Hormone: Androgens–levels normally low
Females: sex drive maybe

37. 4. Adrenal cortex disorders
Masculinization– hypersecretion of sex hormones
Beard and male distribution of hair growth
Students Do
Cushing’s syndrome– 37

38. C. Adrenal Medulla
1. Cells of: Chromaffin Cells = Modified Sympathetic Ganglionic neurons
2. Hormones: Catecholamines
epinephrine & norepinephrine
Target:
Actions:
“Fight or Flight”
- brief response

39. Adrenal Medulla … ‘fight or flight’ …
Short term
Stress
Hypothalamus
Nerve impulses
Short-term stress response
Spinal cord
Adrenal medulla
Preganglionic sympathetic fibers
Catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)
1. Increased heart rate
2. Increased blood pressure
3. Liver converts glycogen to glucose and releases glucose to blood
4. Dilation of bronchioles
5. Changes in blood flow patterns, leading to increased alertness and decreased digestive and kidney activity
6. Increased metabolic rate
Figure 9.13, step 5

40. Zona reticularis and medulla

41. VII. Pancreas A. Location: B. Hormones/Cells: β and α cells 
Insulin producers
Glucagon producers

42. Inhibition: Low blood glucose 2. Actions: Enhances membrane transport
VII. Pancreas …
C. Regulation:
D. Target:
Insulin
1. Regulation: Humoral
Stimulation:
Inhibition: Low blood glucose
2. Actions:
Enhances membrane transport
Inhibits glycogen breakdown
Once glucose is in cells
Energy needs met:
Excess  Glycogen and then fat

43. Homeostasis: Normal blood glucose levels (90 mg/100ml)
Actions …
Other Actions: Fat storage & Protein synthesis
Insulin Action
Insulin-secreting cells of the pancreas activated; release insulin into the blood
Uptake of glucose from blood is en- hanced in most body cells
Blood glucose levels decline to set point; stimulus for insulin release diminishes
Elevated blood sugar levels
Liver takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen
Stimulus: rising blood glucose levels (e.g., after eating four jelly doughnuts)
Homeostasis: Normal blood glucose levels (90 mg/100ml)
Figure 9.15, step 7

44. Homeostasis: Normal blood glucose levels (90 mg/100ml)
Glucagon
- Actions
Stimulus: declining blood glucose levels (e.g., after skipping a meal)
Homeostasis: Normal blood glucose levels (90 mg/100ml)
Low blood sugar levels
Rising blood glucose levels return blood sugar to homeostatic set point; stimulus for glucagon release diminishes
Glucagon-releasing cells of pancreas activated; release glucagon into blood; target is the liver
Liver breaks down glycogen stores and releases glucose to the blood
Figure 9.15, step 12

45. G. Disorders of the Pancreas STUDENTS DO
1. Diabetes mellitus (Hyperglycemia)
Type 1–
Type 2 –
Effects:

46. VIII. Pineal Gland Location: Secretes: Stimulus: Actions:
Depression in the dark

47. IX. Gonads & Placenta steroid hormone Estrogens Progesterone
A. Ovaries – produce:
steroid hormone
Estrogens
Progesterone
B. Testes – produce:
Produce androgens (testosterone)
C. Placenta – hormones produced (like hCG) to maintain pregnancy and manage delivery

48. X. Hormone Secretion By Other Organs
Parts of small intestine, stomach, kidneys, heart
Nearly all cells release hormones if damaged
Kidneys
Erythropoietin
Renin  Angiotensin II
Reduced O2 levels in blood
Erythropoietin stimulates
Kidney releases erythropoietin
Enhanced erythropoiesis
Red bone marrow
More RBCs
Normal blood oxygen levels

49. X. Hormone Secretion By Other Organs …
HEART
1. Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
Gastrointestinal Tract 3
Thymus Gland
Produces thymosin
Helps develop immune system
E. Liver
1. Thriombopoetin

50. END of PPT
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Review Questions