1. Acquiring New Lands, America As a World Power
Acquiring New Lands, America As a World Power

3. Ruling Puerto Rico
Multiple opinions by PR on being given to the US by Spain at the end of the war
Some wanted independence
Some wanted statehood
During the war US military occupied PR
- Gen. Nelson Miles in charge
- Wanted to protect peacefully

4. Return To Civil Government
Why Puerto Rico?
- US wants PR as a base in the Caribbean and to
keep watch in the area where we want to put a
Canal (Panama)
Foraker Act- (1900) passed by congress ends PR military rule and sets up a civil government. Act gives the president to power to appoint people to PR’s government
Insular Cases- 1901, US supreme court ruled that the constitution did not automatically apply to territories
Congress gives right to vote to Puerto Rican’s
and allows them to elect representatives,
repealing part of the Foraker act

5. Cuban Independence?
1898 – US recognizes Cuba's independence at the beginning of the Spanish-American War
Teller Amendment (1898): US is not taking over any part of Cuba. Treaty of Paris further guarantees this
Cuba is independent yes US military stay’s in Cuba after the war
Some Cuban’s protest
However the US does provide food and clothing, schools, improves sanitation, and helps farmers get back to farming

6. Platt Amendment
(1900) What the US insisted Cuba add to its new constitution
Puts in writing the relationship between US and Cuba
States that:
- Cuba could not make treaties that might limit its
independence or allow a foreign power to control any
part of Cuba
- US reserves right to intervene in Cuba
- Cuba was not to go into debt that gov. couldn’t repay
- US can buy or lease land in Cuba for Naval and
refueling stations
US will not withdraw troops until Cuba accepts Platt Amendment – Cubans Protest
Cuba become a US protectorate (country who is controlled by a stronger power)

7. American Interests
What the US really wants is to protect American business in Cuba (Sugar, tobacco, mining, railroads, and even Cuban public utilities
Expanding Markets (Reasons for Imperialism)
Some (including Carnegie) was against this but US moves forward with wanting control of Latin American countries

9. Filipinos Rebel Angry at the Treaty of Paris
Was promised Independence and does not get it
Emilio Aguinaldo (Rebel leader) – Leads rebellion in 1899
US takes strong approach (like Spain previously)
Takes 3 years to get rid of the rebellion 20,000 Filipino’s die, 4,000 American’s and costs the US $400 million dollars
At the end US gov. sets up gov. similar to the one in Puerto Rico

10. Open Door The Philippines is US entry to Asia (Expanding Markets!)
US wants China (everyone wants China, big market)
John Hay – US Secretary of State in 1899 issues series of policy statements called Open Door Notes
- letters addressed to leaders of imperialist
nations, share their trading rights with US
(creating an open door)
- No single nation can have monopoly on
China
- policy is accepted

11. Boxer Rebellion China is free, but Europeans dominate its large cities
Groups against foreigners form the most famous of which were the Boxers
Killed missionaries and other foreigners as well as Chinese who had converted to Christianity
In 1900 troops from Britain, France, Germany, Japan, and the US march into the capital and squash the rebellion in two months
Thousands of Chinese die

12. Protecting Our Interests
Second round of Open Door notes after Boxer Rebellion
Everyone should have trading rights to China
Paves the way for American influence in Asia
Reflects 3 beliefs about US capitalist economy:
1) US believes growth of US economy depends on
exports
2) Felt US had a right to intervene abroad to keep
foreign markets open
3) closing an area to American goods threatens
our survival

13. TR’s Foreign Policy
McKinley is assassinated in 1901 making TR president
Believes in US presence overseas
Negotiates peace between warring Russia and Japan which leads to many diplomatic talks between US and Japan as interest in East Asia increases

15. Panama Canal
Many Americans want a canal that cuts through Central America
Would greatly reduce ship travel time
The Hay-Pauncefote Treaty of 1901 gives US is given exclusive rights to build and control a canal
2 routes proposed: One through Nicaragua, one through Panama
Choose shorter route (Panama) lots of swamps
France had already attempted in Panama US buys the land from them, Must get permission from Colombia (owns Panama)
Negotiations fail, US works with Panamanians to rebel against Colombia
Panama wins independence on Nov 3, 1903
15 days later Panama signs agreement w/ US to build canal for $10million and US will pay $250,000 rent each year, begin paying in 1913

16. Construction Building begins in 1904 and ends in 1914
Costs US $380 million
Builders fight problems like several diseases ( yellow fever, malaria) and very soft volcanic soil
August 15, 1914 Canal opens for business and more than 1,000 ships pass through the first year
Foreign relations with Latin America are damaged due to how US got the territory for the canal

17. Roosevelt Corollary
Late 1800’s Latin American Nations borrowed huge amounts of $$$ from Europe for internal developments (railroads, industries)
TR didn’t want Europe intervening in Latin A if they defaulted on loans, wants US to be primary power
1904 Roosevelt Corollary:
- Monroe Doctrine – (Europe stay out of Latin A)
- Corollary adds to this US would now use force to
protect economic interests in Latin A
Big Stick Diplomacy “Speak softly and carry a big stick”

19. Dollar and Missionary Diplomacy
Dollar Diplomacy was enacted under Roosevelt's administration
Dollar Diplomacy was when the U.S. would go into foreign countries and ensure they were working on their loans to the American business men
Ex. Nicaragua was in debt, America was repaid by taking their custom duties
Missionary Diplomacy is developed during Wilsons administration
According to the Missionary Policy the U.S. had any right to deny recognition to any Latin American country if they were oppressive, undemocratic, or hostile

20. The Mexican Revolution
Porfirio Diaz had been the ruler of México and friend of the U.S> for 30 years
He had encouraged large investments in coal, oil, RR’s, and ranches in his country by Americans
In 1911 the peasant overthrew Diaz
Francisco Madero became the leader
President refused to recognize the new country because of its violence

21. U.S. Reaction
Wilson adopts “watchful waiting” to see when the best time is to attack against Madero
Madero’s General Huerta captured a group of American sailors
They were quickly released and they apologized but America used this as an excuse to intervene
U.S. marines sent in to intervene at Veracruz, 18 Americans and 200 Mexicans die
Argentina, Brazil, and Chile come in to intervene and stop war (mediate the issue)
1915 Huerta regime collapses and Venustiano Carranza comes into power (U.S. likes)

22. Rebellion in Mexico Occurs
Mexico does not like Carranza and they throw another rebellion led by Franscisco “Pancho” Villa and Emiliano Zapata
They did not like Carranza’s government
Villa did not like the U.S. either because they had recognized the government they wanted to overthrow
Villa took American miners off and shot them
General John J. Pershing and 15,000 men were in charge of finding Villa dead or alive
Mexico threatens war so the U.S. backs off
Pershing called home
Ex. Of U.S. imperialism action