1. CSIS-110 Introduction to Computer Science
Dr. Meg Fryling
“Dr. Meg”
Fall 2012
@SienaDrMeg
#csis110

2. Lecture One Agenda Course Resources Assignments
Welcome
Syllabus Review
Clickers
Assignments
Insert something fun here!
Test Lab Machines
CSI Chapter One Slides for your review
Common Terminology

3. Course Resources http://blackboard.siena.edu
Z:\\afs\sosad.sos.siena.edu\users\...
ing/home
Phone App
Office Hours
Links to Course Resources

4. Assignments Read Chapter 2 CSI Read Chapter 1 & 2 Python
review slides on Piazza
Read Chapter 1 & 2 Python
Complete Homework P1
Available on Blackboard
Due by start of next class
Test your account in RB350
BRING TO NEXT CLASS
Python Textbook
NOTE: LABS START NEXT WEEK

5. Make PBJ

6. Definitions
Computer Science is the systematic study of algorithmic processes that describe and transform information.

7. Definitions
Algorithm is a sequence of clear and computable operations that eventually produces a result.

8. Layers of a Computing System

9. TEST MACHINES All students must get their account working immediately.
If problems=> create a JIRA ticket
Help Desk Link => JIRA link
Instructions for logging in are on last page of syllabus
Additional Help if Problems with SoS network login or Blackboard login
Help Desk (1st floor Roger Bacon)
Mon-Thur 8am-8pm
Fri 8am-4pm

10. Chapter Two CSI
The following summary slides are for your assistance and review as you read chapter one.

11. Computer Systems Computer hardware Computer software
The physical elements of a computing system
keyboard, dvd drive, hard drive, monitor, etc.
Computer software
The programs that provide the instructions that a computer executes
Windows Vista, Firefox, IE, games, etc.
Computing System – Computer hardware, software and data, which interact to solve problems

12. The 6 Layers Information Layer Hardware Layer Programming Layer
All information on a computer is managed using the Binary number system: uses only 0 and 1
Understand binary based on our understanding of Decimal
Hardware Layer
The physical hardware of a computer system
Understand how 0’s and 1’s are represented using electricity
Programming Layer
Software – the instructions used to accomplish computations and manage data

13. The 6 Layers Operating System Layer Application Layer
Helps manage the computer resources and eases our interaction with the various layers of the computing system
Application Layer
Use the computer to solve real-world problems
Communication Layer
Computer to Computer connectivity
Share information and resources
Internet, networks

14. The History of Computing
Hardware
First calculator : Abacus
Sixteenth century B.C.
Punched Cards: Jacquard’s loom
Late Eighteenth century
Analytical Engine
Designed by Charles Babbage in 1837
Included many of the important components of today’s computers
Memory, input, mechanical steps, punched cards
Never physically built due to limited technology of the time

15. The History of Computing (con’t)
Hardware (con’t)
Electro-mechanical tabulator used for US census
Late nineteenth century (1889 patent)
Read from punched cards
By Dr. Herman Hollerith (Later formed IBM)
ENIAC – 1946
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer
Financed by the United States Army during WWII
First Use: Hydrogen Bomb calculations
Original Purpose: calculate artillery firing tables
A skilled person with a desk calculator could compute a 60- second trajectory in about 20 hours
ENIAC required 30 seconds

16. First Generation Computers
Vacuum Tubes stored information
Generated a lot of heat
Not very reliable
Primary Memory Device
Magnetic Drum
Rotated under a read/write head
Input Device
Card Reader
Output Device
Punched Card or Line Printer

17. First Generation Computers
Magnetic Tape Drives
Developed at the end of this generation
Much faster than card readers
Sequential Access
Auxiliary Storage
Storage external to the computer

18. Second Generation Computers
Transistor Replaced the Vacuum tube as the main hardware component
Smaller, more reliable, faster, more durable and cheaper
Immediate Access Memory replaces the slow moving drum
Electronic access therefore virtually instant access

19. Second Generation Computers
Circuit Boards
Transistors and other components assembled by hand on printed boards
Magnetic disk
New auxiliary storage
Faster than tape
Read/write heads move directly to a specific location on the disk

20. Third Generation Computers
Integrated Circuits
Solid pieces of Silicon that contained the transistors, other components and their connections
Smaller, cheaper, faster and more reliable
Moore’s Law
Gordon Moore, co-founder of Intel noted that the number of circuits that could be placed on a single integrated circuit was doubling every year
Transistors used for memory construction
Each transistor = 1 bit of information

21. Third Generation Computers
Terminal Invented
An input/output device with a keyboard and screen
Keyboard = direct access to the computer
Terminal = immediate response

22. Fourth Generation Computers
1971-
Microcomputer on a chip
Apple, Tandy/Radio Shack, Atari, Commodore, Sun
IBM Personal Computer
1984 – Apple Macintosh
1985 – Workstations
More powerful
Business use
Networked

23. First-Generation Software
Written in Binary (Machine Language)
Programmer had to remember which combination of 0’s and 1’s were for what operation
Mathematicians and Engineers
Time consuming
Prone to Errors
Assembly Language is developed to ease the process

24. First-Generation Software
Assembler needed to be developed for this
Translates the mnemonic codes into binary automatically
Systems Programmers
Developed the Assembly Language
Wrote the translators
Application Programmers
Used the tools created by Systems Programmers to write programs

25. Second-Generation Software
High-Level Languages developed
Instructions more like English statements
FORTRAN
Give Example
COBOL
Example
Ability to run same program on multiple computers
Compilers translated to assembly language and then to machine code

26. Third-Generation Software
First Operating Systems Developed
Controls Computer Resources – determines which programs are run when
Systems Software
Assemblers, Compilers, Operating Systems and other utility programs
Time –sharing
Keyboard terminal generation
Many users sharing the resources of a single computer.
The OS organized and scheduled different jobs for best performance.
Gap between user and hardware grows wider

27. Third-Generation Software

28. Fourth-Generation Software
Structured Programming
Pascal, C
allows assembly instructions with high-level language
C++
Also allows low-level statements
Became language of choice
Better Operating Systems
UNIX, DOS
Mac OS introduced: mouse, point & click GUI

29. Fourth-Generation Software
High Quality, Reasonably Priced Software becomes available
Word Processors
Spreadsheets
Databases
Allows users with no computer experience to utilize the power of a PC for a specific task

30. Fifth-Generation Software
1990-Present
Microsoft Windows Operating System
Object Oriented design
Design of choice for large programming projects
Design based on a the Data Objects
Java
In contrast to structured design which is based on the tasks being performed
World Wide Web
Web 2.0
MySpace, Facebook Twitter, Wikipedia, Blogs, etc.