1. Fungi
Chapter 21

2. Key Vocabulary Chitin: Hypha: Mycelium: Fruiting Body Sporangium:
Sporangiophore:

3. 21-1 The Kingdom Fungi
After we discuss this section, you should be able to:
Write three characteristics of all fungi
Draw and label 3 structures on a fungus
Write a description of 2 means of reproduction in fungi

4. Fungi are eukaryotic heterotrophs that have cell walls made of chitin
What are Fungi?
Fungi are eukaryotic heterotrophs that have cell walls made of chitin
Chitin is a complex carbohydrate
also found in the external skeleton of insects

5. How do fungi get energy?
They are heterotrophs; specifically they are decomposers or parasites
Fungi do NOT ingest their food.
Fungi digest food outside of their bodies and then absorb it
Many absorb from decaying matter
Others absorb nutrients from the body of a host

6. TAKE A MOMENT…………… Write three characteristics of all fungi
1)Eukaryotic heterotrophs
2)Cell Wall of Chitin
3)Digest Food outside their cells and
absorb it

7. Structure and Function of Fungi
Yeast are unicellular
All others are multicellular

8. Structure and Function
Multicellular
Composed of thin filaments called hyphae
( one cell thick)
Bodies are made of many hypahe
tangled together to form a mycellium

11. Fruiting Body A reproductive structure growing from
the mycelium In the soil beneath it

12. Fairy Rings
Some mycelia can live for many years. Nutrients near the center become depleted,
New mushrooms sprout at only the edges.

13. Check Yourself Draw and label three structures on
a typical fungus (mushroom)

14. Reproduction in Fungi
Most fungi reproduce sexually
and asexually

15. Asexual
Cells or hyphae break off and grow
Some produce spores

16. Spores: reproductive cells capable of growing into a new organism by mitosis
In certain fungi, spores are produced in sporangia.
These are found at the tips of specialized
hyphae called sporangiosphores

17. Sexual Reproduction Two different mating types; plus and minus
Plus and minus fuse and form a
diploid zygote
The diploid zygote undergoes meiosis
and produces haploid spores that
grow into a new fungus

18. How Fungi Spread Spores scatter easily in the wind
Some have smells that attract animals
to help in the dispersing
The probability that a spore will produce a mature
Organism? One in a BILLION!!!
The Spore must have a specific temperature, moisture and food

19. Key Vocabulary Zygospore Rhizoid Stolon Gametangium Conidium Ascus
Ascospore
Budding
Basidium
Basidiospore

20. After discussing 21-1; be able to
List the four phyla of fungi and identify two main characteristics of the members of each

21. 21-2 Classification of Fungi
Classified according to their structure and method of reproduction
There are over 100,000 species!

22. Phylum Zygomycota Familiar molds that grow on meat, cheese and bread
Members have life cycles that contain a zygospore
zygospore- is a resting spore that contains zygotes formed during the sexual phase of the mold’s life cycle.
Hypha- lack cross walls
reproductive cells do contain cross walls

23. Structure and Function of Molds
Best know zygomycetes is the black bread
mold (Rhizopus stolonifer)
Hypha of black bread mold
Rootlike hypha that penetrate the surface are rhizoids
Stemlike hypha the run along the surface of the bread are stolons

24. Life Cycle of Molds

25. Phylum Ascomycota Over 30,ooo species Sexual and Asexual Reproduction

26. http://courses. bio. psu. edu/fall2005/biol110/tutorials/tutorial36

27. in asexual reproduction tiny spores called conidia-are formed at the tips of specialized hyphae called conidiophores.
in sexual reproduction
when haploid hyphae of two fungi grow close together and produce fruiting body
ascus- forms within the fruiting body.
Ascospores- when eight cells are formed after mitosis

29. Yeasts (Ascomycota) Yeasts-are unicellular fungi
ascomycetes- are used by humans for baking and brewing
yeast is not dead
it contains ascospores
they become active when in moisture

30. Yeast (Ascomycota)
yeast reproduces by an asexual process called budding.
The genus is saccharomyces meaning sugar fungi are used in baking and brewing
the production of carbon dioxide- makes bread rise and beverages bubble
in baking the alcohol is evaporated and in brewing it results in alcoholic beverages

31. Phylum Basidiomycota Common name is club fungi
Gets its name from a specialized reproductive
structure called a basidium that resembles a club

32. Basidium-the spore bearing structure is found
under the gills that grow on the underside
of the mushroom caps.
Life Cycle of Club Fungi-
very complex life cycle

34. Diversity of Club Fungi
orange jelly
star Stinkhorn
iii.shelf fungi
iv.Fly agaric
v.bird’s nest fungus
Oregon state university

35. Edible and Inedible Fungi
several types of mushrooms have been cultivated for food
Wild mushrooms are a different story-
many are poisonous
never pick mushrooms to eat

36. Phylum Deuteromycota
Is composed of those fungi that are not placed in other phyla because
researchers have never been able to observe a sexual phase in their life cycles.
Ex. Penicillium that grows on fruit and the source of the antiobiotic.

37. Review: Zygomycota Basidiomycota Ascomycota Characteristics of
Dueteromycota
Characteristics of

38. Key Vocabulary
Saprobe
Lichen
Mycorrhiza

39. 21-3 Ecology of Fungi All fungi are heterotrophs
Fungi cannot manufacture their own food
They cannot move but their mycelia grow very rapidly
Some are parasites, which harm other organisms while living on them
d.Some are symbionts-live in mutually beneficial associations
e.Many are saprobes- organisms that obtain food from decaying organic matter.

40. Most feed on decaying matter some catch live animals
Pleurotus Ostreatus-is a carnivorous fungus that lives on the side of trees
as roundworms crawl into the fungus to feed the hyphae penetrate them and begin digesting them

41. Fungi as Decomposers
They release digestive enzymes that breakdown leaves, fruit, and other organic material into simpler substances
Fungi are found in every ecosystem, where they recycle nutrients by breaking down the bodies and wastes of other organisms

42. Fungi as Parasites Plant Diseases Can infect both animals and plants
Mildews are a type of fungi
Wheat rust –
corn smut – destroys corn kernels
a type of basidiomycete- has its spores carried by wind to Wheat which it infects

43. Animal Disease
Human diseases
fungal parasites can infect humans
deuteromycete affects toes- athlete’s foot the mycelium forms within the outer layers of the skin it also produces “ring worm” which is not a worm at all
Candida albicans ; a yeast that can grow
In moist areas of the body

44. Animal Diseases
Genus Cordyceps fungus infects grasshoppers in rain forests

45. Symbiotic Relationships
Some fungi form symbiotic relationships in which both partners benefit.

46. Lichen usually ascomycetes resistant to drought and cold
they can grow on rocks
are often the first to enter a barren environment
live symbiotically between fungi and photosynthetic organism
live on green alga or cyanobacterium

47. Mycorrhizae Mutualistic relationships with plants
These relationships are called mycorhizae
The tiny hypha help the plant absorb neutrients
Often roots are woven into a partnership with fungal mycelia

48. Mycorrhizae

49. Answer these: Write a description for two mutualistic relationships
that fungi form with other organisms
Write a compare and contrast paragraph of corn
smut and mycorrhizial fungus on Douglas fir tree
Fungi are important to an ecosystem because they
___________________ organic material and
put nutrients back in the soil