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2. Planarian mouth/anus Clonorchis: human liver fluke oral sucker pharynx
cuticle
esophagus
gastrovascular cavity
genital opening
ventral sucker
Flatworms are bisexual
vitelline glands
uterus
vitelline duct
ovary
vas deferens
Planarian
seminal recepticle
testes

3. Nematode Body Organization
Nematode Body Organization

4. embryo in shell of zygote
Caenorhabditis elegans is a bacteriovorous soil nematode, feeds on E. coli in vitro, is a genetic model organism, its genome is sequenced.
N=6
XX=hermaphrodite
XO=male
protandrous
Life cycle: 3 days at 20°C
vulva
embryo in shell of zygote
anus
mouth

5. syngamy meiosis protandrous clock starting at syngamy
clock starting at zygote hatching

7. Circulatory: Gases, Nutrients, Wastes
Major Organ Systems in an Earthworm
Excretory:
Reproductive: Male
Female
Circulatory: Gases, Nutrients, Wastes
Digestive: Food Intake Nutrient Absorption
Muscular: Movement
Dermal: Gas Exchange
Nervous: Sensory and Coordination

8. http://biog-101-104. bio. cornell

9. These two slugs are showing mating behavior.
The slugs are dangling on a slime thread and grip each other with their feet.
The slugs evert their reproductive organs out through the gonopore.
The organs unite and spermatophores are exchanged.
Sperm are stored in a spermatheca for a week or more. Syngamy and deposition of zygotes occurs later.

10. Most Animals: Life cycle Diplontic with Oogamous Syngamy
SYNGAMY
zygote
Sporophyte
Gametophyte
sporangium
sporocyte
spores
gametangia
gametes
germination
mitosis
differentiation 1N 2N
MEIOSIS

11. Spermato-genesis Oogenesis primary spermatocyte primary oocyte
Spermato-genesis
Oogenesis
primary spermatocyte
primary oocyte
meiosis I
meiosis I
secondary spermatocyte
secondary oocyte
meiosis II
meiosis II
ootid
polar bodies
spermatids
differentiation
differentiation
Compare Fig Pg. 1082
spermatozoa
ovum

12. polyparous (not uniparous) polytocous (not monotocous)
Of course canines are:
polyparous (not uniparous) polytocous (not monotocous)
So multiple oocytes mature in each estrus cycle.
Humans are uniparous (monotocous) with some rare exceptions.
We are more like sheep and cetaceans than like dogs or cats or rats.
Fraternal twins appear in some families…and can have different fathers if the mother is promiscuous!
Sounds like a Maury Povich show!

13. Which came first: the chicken or the egg?#1
A life cycle is a circle so, this seems paradoxical to non-biologists.
For biologists, the answer is an easy one!
The egg evolved back when our line of evolution went from anisogamous to oogamous! This was WAY, WAY, WAY before there were any such species as a chicken (Gallus gallus)… before there were dinosaurs…before there were vertebrates…likely before there were even animals!

14. As biologists we have to agree with this cartoon:
As biologists we have to agree with this cartoon:

15. Of course, not every “egg” is an egg… Eggs never hatch into chickens!
Of course, not every “egg” is an egg…
Eggs never hatch into chickens!
Zygotes in shells do!
What could be a “fertilized egg”?

16. Amphibia: Toad eggs--larval forms are strictly aquatic
Adults are somewhat terrestrial
This pair is in amplexus (mating)
Syngamy is external.

17. Bill of duck (but with teeth!) Fur/Hair
Mammalia: platypus
Bill of duck (but with teeth!)
Fur/Hair
Lays “egg” with yolk (reptile?)
Syngamy is internal
Milk glands feed young but no nipple, they just lick it off the fur