1. Understanding Populations & Samples
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2. What is a Sample?
Defines the selected group of people or elements from which data are collected for a study.

3. What are concepts related to sampling?
Selecting a group of people, events, behaviors, or other elements with which to conduct a study
The sampling plan identifies the sampling method and defines the selection process
Members of the sample can be called the subjects or participants.

4. What is considered the population?
A particular group of individuals or elements who are the focus of the research
Elements are the individual units of the population or sample

5. What are the components of a population?
Target Population
An entire set of individuals or elements who meet the sampling criteria
Accessible Population
The portion of the target population to which the researcher has reasonable access

6. What is generalization?
Extending the findings from the sample under study to the larger population
The extent is influenced by the quality of the study and consistency of the study’s findings.

7. What are inclusion criteria?
Characteristics that the subject or element must possess to be part of the target population
Examples:
Between the ages of 18 and 45
Ability to speak English
Admitted for gallbladder surgery
Diagnosed with diabetes within past month

8. What are exclusion criteria?
Characteristics that can cause a person or element to be excluded from the target population
Examples:
Diagnosis of mental illness
Less than 18 years of age
Diagnosis of cognitive dysfunction
Unable to read or speak English

9. What are two ways to define sampling criteria?
Homogeneous
As similar as possible so that extraneous variables can be controlled
Heterogeneous
Broad, diverse range used when a narrow focus is not wanted

10. What is an inappropriate generalization?
Samples cannot be generalized beyond their sampling criteria. This means that results cannot be inferred to populations that differ from the sample.
This may lead to inappropriate generalizations:
Because of language or reading ability
To other types of illnesses or injuries

11. What is attrition and retention in reference to research samples?
Sample attrition is the withdrawal or loss of subjects from a study
Attrition rate = number of subjects withdrawing ÷ number of study subjects × 100
Sample retention is the number of subjects who remain in and complete a study

12. What is random sampling?
Increases the representativeness of the sample based on the target population
A control group is used in studies with random sampling
A comparison group is not randomly determined

13. Types of Probability Sampling
Simple random sampling
Stratified random sampling
Cluster sampling
Systematic sampling

14. What determines sample size in quantitative research?
Effect size
Type of quantitative study conducted
Number of variables
Measurement sensitivity
Data analysis techniques

15. What is effect size?
The effect is the presence of the phenomenon being studied.
The effect size is the extent to which the null hypothesis is false.
When the effect size is large (large variation between groups), only a small sample is needed.
Increasing the sample size increases the effect size.

16. How do you determine the number of variables?
As the number of variables increases, the sample size may increase.
The inclusion of multiple dependent variables also increases the sample size needed.

17. What is measurement sensitivity?
The reliability and validity of the tool used to measure the variable of interest
As the variance in the instrument scores increases, the sample size needed to obtain significance increases.

18. What is involved in critically appraising a study sample?
Identifying the following:
Elements
Accessible population
Target population
Evaluating the:
Appropriateness of generalizations or conclusions in quantitative studies based on the population of interest, sample used, and findings

19. Appraising the Sample Identify the sample criteria.
Judge the appropriateness of the sampling criteria.
Identify the sampling method.

20. What is nonprobability sampling?
Used in qualitative research and includes the following types of samples:
Purposive sampling
Network or snowball sampling
Theoretical sampling

21. Purposive Sampling Also called judgmental or selective sampling
Efforts are made to include typical or atypical subjects.
Sampling is based on the researcher’s judgment.

22. Network or Snowball Sampling
Also called snowball sampling
Takes advantage of social networks to get the sample
One person in the sample asks another to join the sample, and so on.

23. Theoretical Sampling Used in grounded theory research
Data are gathered from any individual or group that can provide relevant data for theory generation.
The sample is saturated when the data collection is complete based on the researchers’ expectations.
Diversity in the sample is encouraged.

24. How is sample size determined in qualitative research?
Scope of the study
Nature of the topic
Quality of the data
Study design

25. How is the sample adequacy determined in qualitative studies?
Are the sampling inclusion and exclusion criteria appropriate?
Is the sampling plan adequate to address the purpose of the study?
Is the sample size adequate?
What are the refusal and mortality rates?
Are sample characteristics and quality described?
Is there saturation of the data?
Is the setting defined?

26. Questions? Comments?
The end!