1. How to Win Friends and Influence People
Lesson 3 – Emotional and Social Intelligence

2. Objectives What are emotions? Why do we have them?
What emotions are there?
How are these emotions connected to the brain?
Chemicals
Brain Areas
What is emotional intelligence?

3. What are the emotions?

4. What are emotions?
An emotional state has two components, one evident in a characteristic physical sensation and the other as a conscious feeling.
emotion sometimes is used to refer only to the bodily state
feeling is used to refer to conscious sensation.

5. What emotions are there?

6. How do we clarify and identify emotions?

7. Acceptance Primary emotion present at birth.
Taking in of, a pleasure-producing object, especially the acceptance of another person.
In adults, refers to acceptance by others, as well.
If the child does not experience acceptance and love in the earliest stages of life, he or she will feel rejected, and will be filled with a fear that love itself is harmful.

8. Disgust Core disgust: guarding the mouth against contaminants.
Evolved behavior defense.
Adults undergo considerable symbolic and cognitive elaboration.
If parents are disgust sensitive their children will more readily develop their own disgust sensitivity and carry it into adulthood.

9. Joy
An emotion, usually related to present experiences, highly pleasant and characterized by many outward signs of gratification.
Happiness, in contrast, is a state of well-being and contentment.
Joy is a foreground acute emotion; happiness, a background baseline sentiment.
Links between happiness and dopamine and serotonin levels.

10. Sadness
Sadness and grief are linked to the loss, be it temporary or permanent, imagined or real, physical or psychological, of a valued social relationship
Loss of some aspect of the self
Reminds us of the existential limitations of life.
Grief is suspected to be a way of preventing separation from the group, thus enhancing survival.

11. Anger Not present at birth
Emergence of anger provides a new stage of consciousness
Attempts to remove restraints or barriers
Active, positive affective reaction to a problematic situation of social hierarchy

12. Fear
Facilitates the development of perceptual and cognitive processes necessary o assess danger and protect the self from harm.
7-9 months of age, infants respond with fear and avoidance to situations that earlier elicited only sadness or no negative reaction at all.
Fear is the emotional apprehension of a negative prospect, and has an anticipatory character

13. Anticipation, exploration, interest
Serves mostly to focus and maintain attention to sources of external stimulation
Exploration is considered a basic human drive
Leads to better comprehension of the nature of an object
Exploration of the environment leads to development of anticipation

14. Surprise Subjective term describing an orienting response
Some do not consider this to be an emotion at all
Concerns the function of orientation to one's territory
Suspected to not just be the unexpected, but also the misexpected

15. What are the limitations?

16. Limitations of Plutchik's Model?
Some simply reject the idea that some emotions are more basic than others
List is incomplete
“4” is an arbitrary number for a selection of basic emotional pairings
Definitions but not causal propositions for secondary emotions

17. Can we provide more quantifiable evidence?

18. Neural Basis of Emotions
How do stimuli acquire emotional significance?
How are certain autonomic and skeletomotor responses triggered once a stimulus acquires emotional significance?
What are the neural circuits in the cerebral cortex responsible for feelings?
How do somatic emotional states and conscious feeling states interact?

19. Emotion Theories
James-Lange Theory: emotions are cognitive responses to information from the periphery
Cannon-Bard Theory: emphasizes the role of the hypothalamus and other subcortical structures in mediating both the cognitive and peripheral aspects of emotion
Schacter Theory: feelings are cognitive translations of ambiguous peripheral signals
Arnold Theory: autonomic responses are not an essential component of emotion

20. What is emotional intelligence?
Knowing one's emotions
Managing emotions
Motivating oneself
Recognizing emotions in others
Handling relationships

21. Four branch model of emotional intelligence
Perceiving emotion
Facilitating thought with emotion
Understanding emotion
Managing emotion