1. Chapter 12: Imperialism

2. Imperialism
A trend around the world in which the stronger nation extended its economic, political, and military control over weaker territories

3. American Imperialism Desire for Strength
Alfred Thayer Mahan – urged government to build up American naval power in order to compete with powerful nations.
Coal is the key to naval power

4. 2. Thirst for new markets and needed raw materials
3. Belief in Cultural superiority
a. Free-market competition would lead to survival of fittest, a belief in the superiority of Anglo-Saxon responsibility to spread Christianity and civilization

5. Alaska
Bought in 1867 from Russia for $7.2 million by Secretary of State William Seward to provide a buffer zone for the United States from Russia (Asia)

7. Hawaii 1867 – US takes over Midway Islands as fueling station to Asia
Since the 1790’s US interested in Hawaii – Fueling station for China and missionaries’ descendants become sugar planters
1850’s Americans own about ¾ of Hawaii’s wealth – Sugar Plantations are allowed to be duty-free until 1890

8. Annex the islands in order to avoid paying duty on sugar under McKinley Tariff
Hawaiian government under Queen Liliuokalani overthrown August 12, 1898, Congress under president McKinley annexes Hawaii

10. Spanish American War
Owned by Spain, but close proximity of Cuba (90 miles from Florida) causes US interest in Cuban affairs
1895 revolution led by Jose’ Marti attempts to pull Americans into fight.

11. Spain counters by sending Valeriano Weyler who puts Cubans into concentration camps.
American newspapers sensationalize (yellow journalism) events of Cuban treatment.
A letter from Enrique Dupuy de Lome (Spanish minister to US) is intercepted and criticizes President McKinley

12. Theodore Roosevelt
Assistant Secretary of the Navy in the McKinley administration.
Imperialist and American nationalist.
Criticized President McKinley as “having the backbone of a chocolate éclair!”
Resigns his position to fight in Cuba.

13. 3. U.S.S. Maine exploded in Havana harbor killing 260 Americans

14. Remember the Maine and to Hell with Spain!
Funeral for Maine victims in Havana

15. U.S. declares war on Spain on April 20, 1898
Fighting begins in the Philippines on April George Dewey and the U.S. Navy capture all of the Spanish fleet in seven hours
(Map, page 402)

16. Fighting in Cuba begins with Spanish blockade
Even though US forces lacked adequate supplies and leaders, and many hardships and disease, they (including the Rough Riders) defeat the Spanish by August

18. Treaty of Paris
Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guam, Cuba became part of the US Empire

19. Puerto Rico
Controlled by US military until 1900 when the Foraker Act ends military rule and sets up civil government; the Insular Cases (US Supreme Court decision) gives US citizenship to Puerto Ricans

20. Military/Strategic Interests

21. Cuba
US recognizes Cuban independence through the Teller Amendment

22. Philippines
US does not grant Philippines its independence because it feels need to “civilize” the Filipinos.
Emilio Aguinaldo led a 3 year revolution against the American military. Jungle conditions make the fighting difficult for the US. Four hundred Americans are killed and $400 million is spent to fight the war
US sets up government and rules the Philippines until independence is granted on July 4, 1946

23. China
Population of millions offers potential markets for the world. US urges world to recognize the territorial integrity of China through John Hay’s OPEN DOOR NOTES (share trading rights - - no country should hold a monopoly in trade).
Boxer Rebellion tries to rid China of outside influence; US helps to put it down.

25. American beliefs about capitalist economy:
1. economy depends on exports
2. US has right to intervene to keep foreign markets open
3. closing of an area to US products, threatens American survival
On this note, Theodore Roosevelt negotiates peace between Japan and Russia

26. Panama
Because Colombia will not negotiate with US for building a canal in Panama, US assists in Panama’s revolution against Colombia by using navy to blockade the coast

27. US paid Panama $10 million and $250,000 a year for rights to Canal Zone
Panama Canal is an engineering feat which cost $380, million to construct

28. Roosevelt Corollary
It added to the Monroe Doctrine by promising to serve as protector Latin America (South and Central America) BIG STICK POLICY

30. President Taft - Dollar Diplomacy
President Taft guaranteed loans made to foreign countries by American businesses. It effectively kept European powers out of the Caribbean.

31. Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”
The U. S. should be the conscience of the world.
Spread democracy.
Promote peace.
Condemn colonialism.

32. Mexico
US has business interests in Mexico. A series of dictators (Diaz, Madero, Huerta) and revolutions causes America to keep watchful eye on Mexico.
Victoriano Huerta
Francisco I Madero
Porfirio Diaz

33. Huerta is anti-American and when Tampico incident occurs (sailors arrested), Wilson demands an apology. When it does not occur, US Marines are sent to occupy Veracruz, and 200 Mexicans die in the invasion.
Argentina, Brazil, and Chile (ABC Powers) mediate the incident
Carranza overthrows Huerta, and Wilson withdraws the American troops.

34. World War I looms on the horizon.
Francisco “Pancho” Villa opposed Carranza and raided the southern US. General John Pershing was sent to capture Villa’s forces and entered Mexico causing strained relations with Mexico to continue.
World War I looms on the horizon.
Pancho Villa

35. U. S. Interventions in Latin America: 1898-1920s

36. Alaska
Cuba
Hawaii
United States
Imperialism
Mexico
Philppines
Panama
Guam and
Puerto Rico
China