1. Overview of Petroleum Industry Chapter 4B – Drilling Operations
PTRT 1301
Overview of Petroleum Industry
Chapter 4B – Drilling Operations

2. Rotating system Main motive force
rotary table (unless top drive in use)
generates torque
Rotating equipment starts with the swivel
Swivel does not rotate, but allows everything beneath it to rotate
Kelly
drill string
drill collars
Drill bit
Top drive eliminates much of this system

4. Rotary table
Master bushing - Transfers drive power (torque) to kelly bushing
Kelly bushing - Transfers torque to kelly
Slips engage the drill pipe when kelly is removed
Teeth-like gripping elements called Dies
The dies grip the drill pipe to prevent slippage when kelly is disconnected

5. Kelly Square or hexagonal - Why?
Round relies only on friction to cause rotation
Flat surface allows strength of steel to support the rotation.
Think of using pliers to remove a broken bolt vs wrench on the head.

6. Top drive
On large rigs conventional swivel is replaced with a powered swivel.
Replaces kelly bushing & master bushing
Rotary table retained for slips to engage
Advantage
Safer and more efficient
Disadvantage
$ $

7. Slips and Connections New section of drill pipe being installed
Slips support drill string while disconnected from kelly

8. Drill pipe & collars Most are steel tubes. Drill collars
Sections (joints) ~ 30’ long
4 ½” drill pipe 16.6 lbs/foot
30’ length weighs 498 lbs
Drill collars
extra weight on the bit
larger diameter & thicker
7” diameter 125 lbs/foot
30’ length = 3750 lbs
Sections are assembled with threaded “tool joints”
Short section of threaded tube welded to the end
allows for threads.

10. Roller Cone Bits 3 ¾” ----26” diameter
Most common 17 ½” , 12 ¼”,7 7/8”, 6 ¼”
Roller cone bits
roller bearings
Sealed-keep mud out, & protects from other abrasions
Unsealed—drilling mud lubricates
Journal bearings
Sealed
Most roller cone bits are jet bits driller fluid exits through small nozzles between the cones.
These jets of fluid sweep cuttings up & out of the hole.

11. Diamond Bits Diamond Bits Not compatible with highs T
Fixed head of natural or industrial diamonds embedded in the surface
Diamond-coated Tungsten Carbide
Not compatible with highs T
Single outlet for fluid & channels to direct the flow along the rows of diamonds for cooling.
Hybrid bits
combination

13. Circulating System
Conditions and supplies drilling fluid (drilling mud) to the drill bit. (fig.4.34)
Mud pump
Into Stand pipe into rotary hose
Pressure & flow rate provided by mud pump.
Rotary hose is flexible to allow vertical motion. Does not rotate.
Mud returns with cuttings via the annulus and out through mud return line.
Cuttings removed via shale shaker go to reserve pit.
Mostly a disposal area but can be used to allow suspended solids to settle out.
If settling doesn’t work you can add equipment to clean the mud
Desander
Degasser
Desilter

14. Drilling Mud Water, clay, other minerals Properties of mud
Removes cuttings
Cools and lubricates the bit
Exerts pressure inside the hole
Create wall cake that stabilizes the surface (fig.4.39)
Properties of mud
Viscosity (support solids)
Weight (density) (pressure control)
Filtration rate (water loss)
Solids content (degrades bit performance)

17. Power System “Prime movers” Power transmission
Internal combustion engines
2 or more hp. Diesel engines
hp. Circulation & hoisting
hp auxiliary &lighting
Power transmission
Electric drive- generators
Cables transfer power to electric motor to power all other equipment
Versatile since extra power can be supplied simply via control & switches
Mechanical drive
Belts, pulley's, & chain drive are used to transfer power from engines to various systems.

19. Review EnCana Rig Tour Photos