1. Chapter 11: Energy Resources
Fossil Fuels
Alternate Energy
Energy Efficiency

2. Fossil Fuels Section 1
1.Fuel – a substance that provides energy such as heat, light, motion, or electricity Energy Transformation 2. A change in one form of energy to another is called energy transformation. Examples: rubbing your hands together mechanical to heat; Burning a fuel in a car (chemical to mechanical)

4. Combustion
3. When fuels are burned, the chemical energy that is released can be used to generate another form of energy. Combustion is the release of chemical energy.

5. Production of Electricity
The chemical energy stored in fuels can be used to generate electricity.
In a power plant, fuel is burned to create heat to make steam. The steam is used to spin a generator which makes electricity.
The fuel can be coal, oil, natural gas, or even garbage.

7. What are Fossil Fuels?
4. Fossil fuels - energy-rich substance formed from the remains of once-living organisms. 5. Fossil fuels are made of hydrocarbons, which are energy rich chemical compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen atoms.

8. Three major fossil fuels are:

9. Fossil Fuel: Coal
6. Coal - a solid fossil fuel formed from plants and other organisms that lived hundreds of millions of years ago.
Coal is mined
Coal is the most plentiful fossil fuel in the U.S.
Disadvantages of burning coal include:
Air pollution
Erosion
Water pollution
Contributes to global warming

10. How Coal Forms

11. Fossil Fuel: Oil
7. Petroleum (Oil)- Thick , black, liquid formed from the remains of small animals, algae and protists that lived in oceans and seas hundreds of millions of years ago.
Oil mostly found in tiny holes in sandstone and limestone.
More then 1/3 of energy in the world is from oil
U. S. consumes 1/3 of the world’s oil, but only 3% of the supply is located in the U.S.
Where do we get the difference from?

12. Oil
Located deep below the surface so we must drill for it and pump it out of the ground.

13. Oil Crude oil - when oil is first pumped out of the ground.
Refinery - a factory where crude oil is separated into fuels and other products by heating
Petrochemicals - compounds that are made from oil. Used in plastics, paints medicines and cosmetics.

16. Fossil Fuel: Natural Gas
10. Natural gas - mixture of methane and other gases
Forms from the same organisms as petroleum
Less dense than oil so it rises above oil deposits and forms in the rock.
Pipelines move the gas from its source to where it is used.

17. Natural Gas Advantages: Disadvantage The U.S. has a large supply
Lower air pollution compared to other fossil fuels
Easy to transport
Disadvantage
Highly flammable
Still a fossil fuel so it will eventually run out
Contributes to global warming

19. Fossil Fuel Disasters:Petroleum
Exxon Valdez 1989
Prince William Sound, Alaska. A salmon and seal habitat
Spilled 38 million gallons of crude oil covering 1,300 miles of coastline and 11,000 square miles of ocean.
The tanker ship struck an underwater reef. The ships radar was not working and the captain was in his sleeping quarters possibly drunk.

20. Valdez Clean Up
Used a lot of dispersant which makes the oil sink to the bottom of the ocean.
Burn off- toxic fumes caused health problems to the natives living close by.
Effects of the spill are still felt today- 25 years later.

21. Valdez Impact
Largest impact was on the shore line. Oil had to be scrubbed off rocks and animals.
Cost over 2 billion dollars to clean up
Hundreds of thousands of birds and marine wildlife were killed or affected.

22. Deep Water Horizon Gulf of Mexico 2010
Drilling for oil in the Gulf 250 miles south of Houston TX.
There was an explosion and fire that burned for 2 days before sinking.
Largest oil spill in the history of US
The two safety systems used to prevent spills failed.
The oil continued to leak for 3 months until July 15th

24. Fossil Fuels: Renewable or Non-renewable?
11. Fossil fuels are non-renewable resources because they take hundreds of millions or years to form.

25. Renewable Energy Section 2 pg. 361 Energy from the sun
Solar energy - energy from the sun
The sun constantly gives off energy in the form of light and heat. (Q 2 on study guide)

26. 4. How do solar plants work
4. How do solar plants work? Rows of giant mirrors focus the suns energy on a tank of water. The water boils and makes steam to spin a generator. (Not on test)
5. Solar cells (Photovoltaic cells)- Converts light directly into electricity.
6. Passive solar heating- Uses the heat from the sun to heat a building. This system does not use any pumps or fans. Uses glass and concrete to heat a building. 7. Active solar heating- captures the heat from the sun and distributes it throughout the building using pumps and fans. Example: heating water in a solar collector on the roof and then pumping it to the bathroom for hot water. (Not on test)
8. How are solar and hydro power related? They both are renewable and don’t pollute.
Consider taking out solar plants. Focus on household uses.

27. Solar Energy Problems Solar Technologies
Only available when sun is shining
Energy from the sun is spread out
Solar Technologies
Solar plants – giant mirrors focus on a tank of water
Solar cells – can be converted directly into electricity
Solar heating Systems – passive and active

28. Solar Plant

30. Hydroelectric Power Q #9
Flowing water can turn a turbine and generate electricity. Most widely used renewable resource today
Benefit
No air pollution
Flowing water provides a steady supply of energy
Problems
Must have a dam
Dams have negative effects on the environment
Need a steady flow of water

34. Three Gorges Dam- China

35. Wind Energy
Wind can be used to turn a turbine and generate electricity
Fastest growing energy source
No pollution
Problems:
Wind must be steady
Noisy
Destroyed by very strong winds
Wind energy is actually an indirect form of solar energy. (Test question!)

37. Biomass Fuels Question 12
Biomass fuels are made from living things.
Biomass fuels include wood, leaves, food wastes

38. Geothermal Energy Question 13
Geothermal energy-intense heat from Earth’s interior that warms the magma
Unlimited source of cheap energy

39. Geothermal Energy
Problems?
Only a few places you can find magma that comes close to Earth’s surface
Or a very deep well is required to tap into the energy which is expensive

40. Hydrogen Question 14
Hydrogen- an abundant clean burning gas that has a lot of energy. Can be used to power cars Can be used to generate electricity Problems: Expensive to produce right now Explosive

41. Tidal Energy
Tides -the rise and fall of large bodies of water due to the gravitational pull of the moon and sun, as well as the rotation of the earth.
Tidal power plants take advantage of the movement of water as it gets higher and lower.

43. Chapter 11 section 4 Updated 2012
Energy Efficiency
Chapter 11 section 4
Updated 2012

44. What are some ways we can preserve our energy resources?
Increase efficiency and to conserve resources
What is efficiency?
Efficiency is the percentage of energy that is actually used to perform work. Energy that is not used is lost. Efficiency is also a way to make resources last longer. Appliances

45. Efficiency
A furnace that heats a home is 85% efficient. That means that 85% of the energy goes directly to heating the home and the rest, 15% is waste. (Goes up the chimney) So that means that if there was a 100 gallon oil tank supplying the furnace, only 85 gallons would be used to heat the home and the remaining 15 gallons is wasted. In terms of money only $85 of every $100 is being used and $15 is waste. So if someone spent $1000 to fill their oil tank, they would be wasting $150. Or 150 gallons of oil (3 barrels) 95% Efficiency would reduce waste to 5% Would save $100

46. How can we increase efficiency in heating/cooling, lighting, and transportation?

47. Insulation
Insulation is a layer of material that traps air to help block the transfer of heat.
Fiberglass
Foam
Spray foam
Cellulose
Asbestoses

48. Lighting
Only 10% of electricity in an incandescent bulb is converted into light. What happens to the rest of the energy? It is converted to heat. Fluorescent lights use ¼ as much electricity to provide the same amount of light. LED lighting can save even more money and energy over CFL’s and it is a better color light.
Compact Fluorescent (CFL)
Incandescent

49. How much does a light bulb cost to run each year?

50. Transportation
Engineers have improved efficiency by designing better engines and tires which saves fuel. Hybrid cars use a combination of gas engines and electric motors to save energy.