2. Geography
Geography – the study of the Earth’s environment and how it shapes people’s lives and how Earth is shaped in turn by people’s activities
Example
People living near the equator accommodate to the warm temperatures
People affect Earth’s geography through the effects of global warming

3. What Makes up the Earth? 7 Continents (Earth’s large bodies of land)
North America
South America
Europe
Africa
Asia
Australia
Antarctica
See p. R5
5 Oceans (71% of Earth)
Atlantic
Pacific
Indian
Arctic
* Southern (The Southern Ocean has not been officially recognized by all nations.)

5. Can You Label?

6. How is the Earth divided?
Hemispheres – One of the halves of the Earth
Hemi is Greek for half
Geographers split the Earth into four hemispheres

7. Northern and Southern Hemisphere
The equator - an imaginary line that divides the world into the Northern and Southern hemisphere

8. Eastern and Western Hemisphere
The prime meridian - an imaginary line that divides the world into the Eastern and Western hemisphere

9. Lines of Latitude and Longitude
Latitude lines (parallels) – imaginary lines running east to west around the Earth
Shows distance north or south of the equator
The equator is at 0 degrees latitude
Longitude lines (meridians) – imaginary lines running north to south from Earth’s poles
Measures distance east or west of the prime meridian
The Prime Meridian is at 0 degrees longitude

10. Global Grid
Global grid – pattern formed on a map or globe by the crossing of parallels and meridians. This pattern makes it possible to pinpoint exact locations.

11. Degrees
Degrees – In geography, a unit of measurement that indicates the distance between lines of latitude and longitude.
Example – 20° South, 40° East

12. How to Use Latitude and Longitude
1. Put your finger on 0, 0
2. Start at the equator and move up (North) or down (South) to find your latitude
2. Then move left (West) or right (East) from the prime meridian to find your longitude
Practice -

13. Using Maps
Cardinal directions – the directions north, south, east, and west
Intermediate directions – the directions halfway between the cardinal directions; northeast, southeast, southwest, and northwest
Both of these drawings show a compass rose, which is a drawing on a map that shows direction

14. How to Determine Distance on a Map
Scale – a unit of measure on a map, such as an inch, that is used to represent a distance on Earth

15. Symbols and Map Key Symbols – anything that stands for something else
Map key – a list of symbols that tells what each symbol stands for

16. Locators
Locator – a small map that shows where the subject area of a main map is located

17. Types of Maps Political map Physical map Elevation map Relief map
Historical map
Distribution map

18. Political Map
Political map – a map mainly showing political divisions, such as national or state boundaries, cities, and capitals

19. Physical Map
Physical map – a map that primarily shows natural features of Earth, such as lakes, rivers, mountains, and deserts

20. Elevation Map
Elevation map – a map that shows the height of land above sea level

21. Relief Map
Relief map – a map that shows changes in elevation

22. Historical Map
Historical map – a map that shows information about the past

23. Distribution Map
Distribution map – a map that shows how a particular feature, such as population density, is spread over an area