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Fertilization and Development in Humans
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Fertilization ______________ the ______________ of the sperm and egg ______________ in the ____________________________ In humans, ______________ and ______________ is ______________ in the body of the ______________. At the moment of fertilization, the egg develops a ____________________________ around itself to prevent other ______________ from penetrating. A fertilized egg is called a ______________ Fertilization Fusion (joining) nuclei Oviducts or fallopian tubes Fertilization development Internal female Protective membrane sperm zygote = + egg sperm zygote Name: ______________ ______________ ______________ Chromosome ______________ ______________ ______________ Number FERTILIZATION RESTORES THE SPECIES NUMBER OF CHROMOSOMES 23 23 46
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As the Egg Travels 2 2 splits more One egg One sperm Fraternal Twins
Identical Twins Fertilization of _____ eggs by ___ sperm Female releases __________ than one egg during ovulation Fertilized zygote __________ into 2 identical embryos Only __________ was fertilized by _______________ 2 2 splits more One egg One sperm
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Advantages / Disadvantages of Internal Fertilization
Avoid hazards of the _______________ Sperm can only fertilize an egg for a _______________ period of time Eggs are well _______________ Sperm live a _______________ time because they store _______________ food. environment short protected short little
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Gastrulation and differentiation
Animal Development (A) (B) 1) __________ 2) __________ 3) __________ 4) __________ sperm egg zygote 2 cell embryo 11)__________ Mesoderm (C) 9) __________ ectoderm 10)__________ endoderm gastrula blastula 8 cell embryo 4 cell embryo 8) __________ 7) __________ 6) __________ 5) __________ _____________________________________ Fertilization Cleavage by mitosis Gastrulation and differentiation
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Cleavage __________ - after fertilization, the __________ divides by __________ to produce __________ cells Cell division continues without __________ Once cleavage begins, the zygote is called an __________ __________ - hollow ball formed by the embryo __________ - when the embryo attaches to the ____________________ cleavage zygote mitosis two growth embryo blastula implantation Uterine lining
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Gastrulation differentiation different tissues organs GENES PROTEINS
_______________ - embryo cells become __________ from one another They form __________ and __________ of the new organism DIFFERENT __________ TURN ON OR OFF IN CERTAIN CELLS TO PRODUCE DIFFERENT __________ THE _____________ A CELL MAKES, DETERMINE ITS _______________ Three embryonic germ layers of the embryo __________ - develops into __________ and ____________________ __________ - develops into __________ and __________ systems __________ - develops into __________ other systems like the __________ and __________ systems tissues organs GENES PROTEINS job or function PROTEINS ectoderm skin Nervous system endoderm digestive respiratory mesoderm all reproductive circulatory ectoderm mesoderm endoderm
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Growth in the Uterus amnion surrounds protects Amniotic fluid placenta
__________ - __________ the embryo and__________ the embryo, holds in a fluid called ____________________ __________ - organ responsible for the __________, by __________, of __________ and __________ from the mother’s __________ to the fetus. __________ from the fetus __________ to the mother’s blood through the __________. The mother’s and fetus’ blood ____________________ ____________________ - attaches the __________ to the __________. Contains ____________________ that connect the embryo’s __________ system to the __________ of the placenta passage diffusion nutrients oxygen blood wastes diffuse placenta Never mix Umbilical chord embryo placenta Blood vessels circulatory capillaries
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Reproductive Technology
reproduction insects Reproductive technology has greatly changed the way we can deal with problems involving _______________ of humans as well as other plants and organisms. Agriculture scientists have produced plants resistant to __________, _______________, or even __________ Resistant plants can be __________ to produce more resistant crops _________________________ - used to reproduce farm animals that exhibit genetic advantages ____________________ - enables infertile women to become pregnant ____________________ - eggs are extracted from an infertile woman and __________ with sperm in a laboratory dish. The ____________________ are implanted into the woman’s uterus, and a _______________pregnancy may result. _______________ and ____________________ allow doctors to view __________, __________, and other reproductive structures Weed killers frost cloned Artificial insemination Hormone therapy Invitro fertilization fertilized Fertilized eggs successful ultrasound Miniature cameras ovaries oviducts
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Invitro Fertilization
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Chromosomal abnormalities Biochemical deficiencies
Amniocentesis _______________ - procedure to extract fluid from around the developing fetus Doctors analyze the cells in the __________ fluid _________________________ and ____________________ can be detected that may threaten the health of the developing fetus amniocentesis amniotic Chromosomal abnormalities Biochemical deficiencies
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Dangers that face a Fetus
placenta The __________ prevents most infections that make the mother ill from passing to the fetus __________ - passes through the tissues of the mother and may affect the fetus __________ - damages the dividing __________ of the fetus _________________________ - found within the mother can enter the fetus ____________________ by the mother affects development in the fetus and may produce underweight babies Exposure to __________ or __________ are also harmful to the fetus Use of __________, __________, LSD, and __________ during pregnancy can cause serious results ____________________ and ____________________ can result from __________ and __________ passing from the mother’s blood to the fetus radiation X-rays cells Infectious microorganisms Cigarette smoking toxins chemicals heroine cocaine alcohol addiction Mental retardation drugs alcohol
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Fertilization & Development in Other Organisms Fish and Amphibians
Fertilization is __________ Females lay __________ numbers of eggs in the water This ensures the __________ of the species Males will __________ sperm over the eggs in the water to fertilize them external large survival deposit Advantages Disadvantages Moist surroundings Egg and sperm may not __________ Eggs may be __________ Changes in _________________ may destroy the eggs and sperm (__________, ________________, and _________________________ meet eaten environment water temperature Oxygen concentration
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Fertilization & Development in Other Organisms Birds and Reptiles
In birds and reptiles, fertilization is __________, within the female’s reproductive tract __________ produce a __________ shell around the egg and ____________ is external – outside the female’s body __________ produce a __________ shell around the egg and ____________ is external – outside the female’s body internal reptiles leathery development birds hard development
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Fertilization & Development in Other Organisms Non-placental Mammals – Egg Laying Mammals
____________________ - have __________ fertilization Lay ____________________ eggs When __________, the young are nourished by the mother’s ____________________ Examples of egg laying mammals are: ____________________ Egg laying mammals internal Soft shell hatched Mammory glands Duck billed platypus Spiny anteater
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Fertilization & Development in Other Organisms Non-placental Mammals – Marsupials
internal ____________________ - have __________ fertilization ____________________ - begin development __________ the female The __________ of the egg is used for __________ A tiny __________ leaves the mother’s body and crawls across the mother’s fur into a __________ Once in the __________, the __________ will receive nourishment from the mother’s ____________________ Examples of marsupials are: ____________________, ____________________, ____________________, and ____________________, Fertilized egg inside yolk food embryo pouch pouch embryo Mammary glands kangaroo koalas wombats possums
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