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Section 1: Interpersonal Attraction Section 2: Social Perception
Chapter Introduction Section 1: Interpersonal Attraction Section 2: Social Perception Section 3: Personal Relationships Chapter Menu

Chapter Objectives · Section 1
Interpersonal Attraction Explain how we depend on others to survive and the factors that influence our attractions to others. Chapter Preview 1

Social Perception Describe the ways in which we explain the behavior of others by making judgments about them based on our perceptions of them. Chapter Preview 2

Personal Relationships Explore the different types of love and relationships people experience throughout their lives. Chapter Preview 3

Chapter Preview-End

Main Idea We depend on others to survive. We are attracted to certain people because of factors such as proximity, reward values, physical appearance, approval, similarity, and complementarity. Section 1-Main Idea

Vocabulary social psychology social cognition physical proximity
stimulation value utility value ego-support value complementarity Section 1-Key Terms

Objectives Discuss why we need friends.
List and explain the factors involved in choosing friends. Section 1-Objectives

Section 1-Polling Question
How important is your social circle in your life? A. Extremely important B. Kind of important C. Not really important A B C Section 1-Polling Question

Why You Need Friends Social psychology Social cognition
Being around other humans is a habit that we acquire beginning at birth. Social psychologist have found that we need company most when we are afraid or anxious, and we also need company when we are unsure of ourselves and want to compare our feelings with other peoples’. Section 1

Why You Need Friends (cont.)
Many individuals use the performance of others as a basis for self-evaluation. Friendship also offers support in trying times. Schachter’s Results Section 1

Do you ever hug your friends? A. Yes B. No C. Sometimes
Section 1

How You Choose Friends Factors in friend-choice:
Physical proximity—the distance from one another that people live or work is one of the most important factors in determining whether two people will become friends. Section 1

How You Choose Friends (cont.)
Rewards values are another reason people become friends: Stimulation value Utility value Ego-support value Section 1

Physical appearance—people tend to hold more positive views of physically attractive people than those people who are not attractive. Approval—we choose friends who agree with and support us—they provide ego-support value. Section 1

Similarity—we tend to choose friends whose backgrounds, attitudes, and interests are similar to our own. Section 1

Reasons we choose friends: Agreement about what is stimulating, worthwhile, or fun provides the basis for sharing activities. Most of us feel uneasy around people who are constantly challenging our views. People who agree about things usually find it easier to communicate with each other. Section 1

Some people do choose friends or mates who are complementarity Section 1

What is the ability of a person to provide another person with sympathy, encouragement, and approval? A. Physical proximity B. Stimulation value C. Utility value D. Ego-support value A B C D Section 1

Section 1-End

Main Idea We explain the behavior of others by making judgments about them. Our judgments are influenced by our perceptions of others. Section 2-Main Idea

Vocabulary primacy effect stereotype attribution theory
fundamental attribution error actor-observer bias self-serving bias nonverbal communication Section 2-Key Terms

Objectives Explain how we use first impressions and schemas.
Describe several factors that influence how we interpret other’s behavior. Section 2-Objectives

Do you feel that first impressions shape your future view of a person? A. Yes B. No A B Section 2-Polling Question

First Impressions Primacy effect
First impressions sometimes become a self-fulfilling prophecy. Section 2

First Impressions (cont.)
A schema is the knowledge or set of assumptions that we develop about any person or event. Schemas allow us to organize information and predict behavior so that we can respond appropriately in social situations. Schemas can influence and distort our thoughts, perceptions, and behaviors. We also form schemas about events. Section 2

First Impressions (cont.)
Stereotype They can be negative or positive, and should be modified by experience. Section 2

Have you ever been guilty of stereotyping someone and found that you were wrong?
A. Yes B. No A B Section 2

Attribution Theory Attribution theory
Internal attributions (dispositional)—personal characteristics. External attributions (situational)—acting in response to a situation. Section 2

Attribution Theory (cont.)
Fundamental attribution error Actor-observer bias Self-serving bias Section 2

A. Fundamental attribution error B. Actor-observer bias
What is a tendency to claim success is due to our efforts, while failure is due to circumstances beyond our control? A. Fundamental attribution error B. Actor-observer bias C. self-serving bias D. Attribution theory A B C D Section 2

Nonverbal Communication
Many of the gestures we make and postures we adopt are governed by very subtle social rules. Section 2

Which is a nonverbal communication? A. Winking at someone B. Sneezing
C. Talking with someone D. None of the above A B C D Section 2

Section 2-End

Main Idea People experience different types of love and relationships throughout their lives. Section 3-Main Idea

Vocabulary generational identity Section 3-Key Terms

Objectives Describe sources of parent-adolescent conflict.
Describe different types of love. Section 3-Objectives

How many children do you plan to have? A. 0 B. 1–2 C. 3–4 D. 5 or more A B C D Section 3-Polling Question

Parent-Child Relationships
Erik Erikson believed that parent-child relationships could influence people’s later adult expectations about their relationships with the significant people in their lives. Parents also provide the first model of a marital relationship. Parent-child conflict may develop during adolescence. Section 3

Parent-Child Relationships (cont.)
Causes: Generational identity Changes in both the parent and child over the years. The parent and child have different ideologies and concerns. Section 3

Do you have different viewpoints than your parents? A. Almost always
B. Sometimes C. Not very often A B C Section 3

Love Relationships Two common types of love:
Passionate love—intense, sensual, and all-consuming love. Companionate love—friendship, liking someone, mutual trusting, and wanting to be with him or her. Sigmund Freud Section 3

Love Relationships (cont.)
Liking is based primarily on respect for another person and the feeling that he or she is similar to you. Section 3

Zick Rubin identified three major components of romantic love: Need—a longing, hunger for that other person. Caring—the desire to give. Intimacy—special knowledge of each other derived from uncensored self-disclosure. Section 3

Rubin found that women expressed the same degree of love for her partner as he did for her. Section 3

Robert Sternberg’s triangular theory of love contends that love is made up of three parts that are present in various combinations: Intimacy Passion Commitment Triangular Theory of Love Section 3

Two principles tend to govern behavior leading to successful marriages: Endogamy—the tendency to marry someone who is from one’s own social group. Homogamy—the tendency to marry someone who has similar attributes. Section 3

Healthy adjustments to marriage seems to hinge on whether: the couple’s needs are compatible. the husband’s and wife’s images of themselves coincide with their images of each other. they agree on what the husband’s and wife’s roles in the marriage are. Section 3

Most people who end up divorced experience “separation shock”—a period of mourning that lasts until the person suddenly realizes that he or she has survived. Section 3

Children have a harder time adjusting to divorce because they: usually do not want the divorce to occur. might not understand the reasons for the divorce. can’t exercise any control over the situation. are not emotionally mature enough to deal with the experience. Section 3

Which type of love do you think is more important in a successful marriage?
A. Passionate B. Companionate C. Both are equal A B C Section 3

Section 3-End

Schachter’s Results These graphs show the results of Schachter’s experiment about the effects of anxiety on affiliation. Figure 1

Triangular Theory of Love
Intimacy refers to the feeling part of love—as when we feel close to another. Passion is love’s motivating aspect—feeling physically aroused and attracted to someone. Commitment is the thinking component—when we realize that a relationship is love and we desire to maintain that relationship over time. Figure 2

Sigmund Freud 1856–1939 “Martha is mine, the sweet girl of whom everyone speaks with admiration, who despite all my resistance captivated my heart at our first meeting, the girl I feared to court and who came toward me with high-minded confidence, who strengthened the faith in my own value and gave me new hope and energy to work when I needed it most.” Profile

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Chapter Concepts Transparencies Correcting Attribution Errors Parent-Child Relationships Select a transparency to view. Concept Trans Menu

Concept Trans 1

Concept Trans 2

DFS Trans 1

DFS Trans 2

DFS Trans 3

social psychology: the study of how our thoughts, feelings, perceptions, and behaviors are influenced by interactions with others Vocab1

social cognition: focuses on how we perceive, store, and retrieve information about social interactions Vocab2

physical proximity: the distance of one person to another person
Vocab3

stimulation value: the ability of a person to interest you in or to expose you to new ideas and experiences Vocab4

utility value: the ability of a person to help another achieve his or her goals
Vocab5

ego-support value: the ability of a person to provide another person with sympathy, encouragement, and approval Vocab6

complementarity: the attraction that often develops between opposite types of people because of the ability of one to supply what the other lacks Vocab7

primacy effect: the tendency to form opinions about others based on first impressions
Vocab8

stereotype: a set of assumptions about people in a given category summarizing our experience and beliefs about groups of people Vocab9

attribution theory: a collection of principles based on our explanations of the causes of events, other people’s behavior Vocab10

fundamental attribution error: an inclination to over attribute others’ behavior to internal causes (dispositional factors) and discount the situational factors contributing to their behavior Vocab11

actor-observer bias: tendency to attribute one’s own behavior to outside causes but attribute the behavior of others to internal causes Vocab12

self-serving bias: a tendency to claim success is due to our efforts, while failure is due to circumstances beyond our control Vocab13

nonverbal communication: the process through which messages are conveyed using space, body language, and facial expression Vocab14

generational identity: the theory that people of different ages tend to think differently about certain issues because of different formative experiences Vocab15

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