1. UNIT 10 Vocabulary Grammar and functions Waste disposal Recycling
Describing processes: Special structures and Sequence
Revision of grammar structures

2. ORAL PRACTICE: RECYCLING (p119)
Give 3 materials from the list which are WIDELY/ FREQUENTLY/ RARELY / HARDLY EVER/ (UN)LIKELY to be ..recycled / disposed of / reused
In your opinion do we collect/recycle SIGNIFICANT / LARGE / (IN)SUFFICIENT / ENOUGH / SMALL amounts of this material?
Do you agree with your mate’s opinion?
Do you recycle it?
If so, how often? How much?
What are some of these materials used for?

3. LISTENING: WASTE DISPOSAL p120
Which are the 4 main sources of waste? MINES (39%), AGRICULTURE (53%), INDUSTRY (2%), DOMESTIC HOMES / WASTE (6%)
Where does it go?
OPEN DUMPS (55%)
NOT COLLECTED OR DISPOSED OF (23%) LEFT ON THE SPOT
LAND-FILL METHOD (12%) BURIED IN THE GROUND
BURNT (9%)
DUMPED TO SEE (1%)
DOMESTIC WASTE (RUBBISH, REFUSE)
Open dumps: advantages : EASY TO OPERATE and THE CHEAPEST OF THE 3
disadvantages: unsightly, CAUSE AIR POLLUTION WHEN RUBBISH IS BURNT, SMELL, MATERIALS & LAND ARE WASTED and they can contaminate ...
Land fill : advantages: CHEAP, NO OBJECTABLE SMELLS OR PESTS, and when the landfill is completed LAND MORE USEFUL THAN BEFORE (e.g. sports field or park)
Disadvantages : WASTE MATERIALS and USES A LARGE AREA OF LAND ….
Incineration (i.e. BURNING) Advantages: …about 80% OF DOMESTIC RUBBISH and REDUCE ITS VOLUME BY 90%; it requires VERY LITTLE LAND and it produces INCOME FROM THE RECOVERY OF WASTE METAL & GLASS
Disadvantages: EXPENSIVE TO BUILD AN INCINERATION PLANT and CAUSES AIR POLLUTION unless sophisticated pollution controls are installed.

4. TRANSLATION: RESOURCE RECOVERY 119-120
Numerous thermal processes recover energy IN DIFFERENT WAYS FROM SOLID WASTE.
THESE SYSTEMS/METHODS ARE DIVIDED INTO TWO GROUPS: combustion processes and pyrolysis processes.
A number of companies burn in-plant wastes in conventional incinerators (IN ORDER) TO PRODUCE/GENERATE STEAM;
THE WATER FLOWING (that flows) through the tubes ALLOWS THE HEAT GENERATED IN THE COMBUSTION CHAMBER TO BE ABSORBED (IN ORDER/SO AS) TO GENERATE STEAM.
Pyrolysis CONSISTS OF DECOMPOSING CHEMICALLY SOLID WASTE by heat in an oxygen-reduced atmosphere.
THIS RESULTS IN A GAS THAT CONTAINS various gases, DEPENDING ON THE ORGANIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PYROLYZED MATERIAL
IF USERS SEPARATED THEIR RUBBISH A LARGER/GREATER AMOUNT OF WASTE COULD BE RECYCLED and that would improve life in our planet
… since THE GREATER THE RECYCLED VOLUME ,THE LONGER OUR NATURAL RESOURCES WILL LAST

5. DESCRIBING PROCESSES p122
IMPORTANT EXPRESSIONS 
COMMON VERBS
Use of the PASSIVE
To carry out / develop a process
The process takes place / occurs / happens
This ALLOWS / CAUSES it TO occur // PREVENTS it FROM occurring (U5)
The process RESULTS IN the generation of electricity (U5)
The process CONVERTS/TRANSFORMS/CHANGES INTO !! BECOMES N/Ad SEQUENCE of STEPS: First, Then, Finally. Before/After this. During, As
METHOD (U6) (HOW?)
PASSIVE + BY = por
by means of ... / (by) using ... / With the help of ... Through … mediante, por medio de, con ….
One method for /way of ... (+ verb –ING) .... is to ....
PURPOSE (U6) (WHAT FOR?)
In order to, so as to, to + INF = Para + Inf
So that + sentence (S+Vb) = para QUE

6. TRANSLATION
Industrial and domestic pollution HAVE/HAS RISEN/INCREASED IN THE LAST 50 YEARS.
Industrial air pollution includes the so-called “greenhouse gases”, LIKE/SUCH AS CARBON DIOXIDE and CFCs … .
BESIDES/IN ADDITION TO THESE GASES, we must not forget sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides,
WHICH RESULT IN/GIVE RISE TO ACID RAIN.
The largest single cause of industrial air pollution is the electricity industry, AS/SINCE ALL FOSSIL FUELS PRODUCE, AT LEAST, CARBON DIOXIDE.
NEW TECHNOLOGIES ARE BEING APPLIED in a few places in order to minimize the effect of dangerous gas emissions,
but these technologies are still very expensive and WOULD MAKE/CAUSE THE PRICE OF ELECTRICITY Ø/TO RISE/INCREASE .

7. TRANSLATION
Two important causes of water pollution are ACID RAIN AND THERMAL POLLUTION.
Land pollution is also an environmental THREAT
IT ALSO TAKES PLACE/HAPPENS/OCCURS WHEN THE INDUSTRIAL WASTE is buried or …..
Usually, …but, AS WE HAVE SEEN, …,
and … UNLESS WE CONTRIBUTE to reduce global pollution AS MUCH AS WE CAN.

8. VIDEO- STORY OF ALUMINIUM RECYCLING
Which are the characteristics of Aluminium? LIGHT, DURABLE, THE MOST WIDELY USED NON FERROUS METAL
How much was recycled in Devon last year? 660 TONNES OF ALUMNIUM CANS
Where is Aluminium collected from? KERBSIDE BINS, BOXES, BAGS, RECYCLING BANKS
EXPLAIN THE STEPS OF ALUMNIUM RECYCLING
AFTER THE CANS HAVE BEEN COLLECTED, THEY ARE TAKEN TO A RECYCLING DEPOT
IN ORDER TO SEPARATE STEEL CANS FROM ALUMNIUM, A GIANT MAGNET IS USED TO REMOVE STEEL
ALUMNIUM IS THEN CRUSHED AND BALED
THE ALUMNIUM IS THEN SENT TO A REPROCESSING COMPANY
IT IS SHREDDED INTO BITS THE SIZE OF A TEN-PENCE PIECE
THE SHREDS ARE PASSED THROUGH A DOUBLE MAGNETIC DRUM SEPARATOR TO REMOVE STEEL CONTAMINATES THAT MAY HAVE BEEN MISSED

9. VIDEO- STORY OF ALUMINIUM RECYCLING
BEFORE THE CANS CAN BE MELTED, THEY NEED TO BE DE-COATED OF THE VARNISH LACQUER WHICH IS USED DURING MANUFACTURING TO PROTECT THE CANS
THIS IS REMVED BY BLOWING HOT AIR THROUGH THE SHREDS
THE HOT, DE-COATED CANS CAN THEN BE FED INT A HUGE 90 TONNE FURNACE TO BE MELTED
NEXT THE MOLTEN METAL IS CAST INTO INGOTS. THIS IS ACHIEVED BY TILTING THE FURNACE AND POURING THE MOLTEN METAL INTO A CASTING UNIT
AFTER BEING CAST AND CHILLED, THE ALUMNIUM INGOTS ARE CUT SQUARE AND SENT OFF TO THE MILL, WHERE THEY ARE ROLLED OUT INTO SHEETS
THE SHEET ALUMINIUM IS SOLD ONTO MANUFACTURERS FOR A RANGE OF USES
Give examples of use of recycled aluminium
CAR PARTS, SUCH AS ALLOY WHEELS, BIKES, PACKAGING (eg FOIL & CANS), CONSTRUCTION PARTS, HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCES

10. ALUMINIUM RECYCLING- REORDER
1 Aluminum cans are gathered from recycling centers 6 They are sent to a scrap processing company where they are collected into large bales. 3 The bales are then sent to an aluminum company where the cans are shredded, crushed, stripped and burned 7 They are then sent into a furnace where they are melted with new, untouched aluminum and the two are melted together. 5 The new aluminum is then poured out into sheets, and cut down into sheets 1/100th of an inch thick. 2 The aluminum then cools, and is coiled up into large rolls and sent to can makers. 4 The can makers then mold the aluminum into can shapes, and send them off to soda makers to bottle their beverage.

11. VIDEO- STORY OF ALUMINIUM RECYCLING p123
AFTER THE CANS HAVE BEEN COLLECTED, THEY ARE TAKEN TO A RECYCLING DEPOT (b)
IN ORDER TO SEPARATE STEEL CANS FROM ALUMNIUM, A GIANT MAGNET IS USED TO REMOVE STEEL (e)
ALUMNIUM IS THEN CRUSHED AND BALED (c)
THE ALUMNIUM IS THEN SENT TO A REPROCESSING COMPANY (h)
ONCE IT ARRIVES IT IS SHREDDED INTO BITS THE SIZE OF A TEN-PENCE PIECE (g)
THE SHREDS ARE THEN PASSED THROUGH A DOUBLE MAGNETIC DRUM SEPARATOR TO REMOVE STEEL CONTAMINATES THAT MAY HAVE BEEN MISSED (k)
BEFORE THE CANS CAN BE MELTED, THEY NEED TO BE DE-COATED OF THE VARNISH LACQUER WHICH IS USED DURING MANUFACTURING TO PROTECT THE CANS (d)
THIS IS REMOVED BY BLOWING HOT AIR THROUGH THE SHREDS (l)
THE HOT, DE-COATED CANS CAN THEN BE FED INTO A HUGE 90 TONNE FURNACE TO BE MELTED (i)
NEXT THE MOLTEN METAL IS CAST INTO INGOTS. THIS IS ACHIEVED BY TILTING THE FURNACE AND POURING THE MOLTEN METAL INTO A CASTING UNIT (f)
AFTER BEING CAST AND CHILLED, THE ALUMNIUM INGOTS ARE CUT SQUARE AND SENT OFF TO THE MILL, WHERE THEY ARE ROLLED OUT INTO SHEETS (a)
THE SHEET ALUMINIUM IS THEN SOLD ONTO MANUFACTURERS FOR A RANGE OF USES (j)

12. VIDEO: WASTE Any business or industry, in fact any human activity
Certain types are recyclable and have only a minor impact on the environment
dangerous for man and nature
2 billion tons of waste material
80%
Which are the problems of waste?: storage, Massive pollution, Strain on resources
the era of throwing down the drain 
a coherent waste management
In PREVENTION the first objective was to identify pollutants, to control them, and to limit their emission. 
according to their toxicity and their impact on the environment
the production, control, collection and cross border transportation
the development of clean technologies
They produce little or no waste and tend to be more economical with natural resources.