1. Presentation at NorDoc Meeting
Exploring community-oriented policing in post conflict police reform: what can we learn?
Ingrid Nyborg
Presentation at NorDoc Meeting
Oslo, October 17th, 2016
ICT4COP: A Horizon 2020 Research & Innovation Project
The ICT4COP Magazine:
Norwegian University of Life Sciences

2. THIS PRESENTATION Background for research
About the project and approach
Preliminary insights
Concluding points
ICT4COP: A Horizon 2020 Research & Innovation Project
The ICT4COP Magazine:
Norwegian University of Life Sciences

3. THE BACKGROUND THE POST-CONFLICT POLICE AND SECURITY REFORM AGENDA
Global threats (terrorism ,drug and trafficking networks, displaced persons etc.) often originate in conflict and post-conflict contexts where law and order is extremely challenging
The international community spends billions to support police reform processes in post-conflict contexts
Conventional, top-down, militarized approaches have proven to be neither effective nor sustainable.
Community-oriented policing (COP) is promising, but there remains a lack of in-depth understanding of police-community relationships in police reform assistance.
ICT4COP: A Horizon 2020 Research & Innovation Project
The ICT4COP Magazine:
Norwegian University of Life Sciences

4. THE ISSUE HOW CONVENTIONAL POLICE REFORM FALLS SHORT
Focus on short-term training of police for fighting terrorism and militants, rather than lower-level conflicts and crime
Long-term processes of capacity/institution building not prioritized: Police institutions remain fragile long after conflict
Lack of a substantive link to communities in the reform process
The result: Lack of trust between police and community members - Police continue to be perceived as perpetrators of crime - source of insecurity
ICT4COP: A Horizon 2020 Research & Innovation Project
The ICT4COP Magazine:
Norwegian University of Life Sciences

5. THE ISSUE EXPLORING COMMUNITY-ORIENTED POLICING
What is community – oriented policing?
Is it a strategy? A model? A philosophy? Does it differ in each context?
Who decides the definition – the international community? National police? Civil society?
COP aims to establish (or re-establish) trusting relationships between communities and police – preventative, collaborative and problem solving
ICT4COP: A Horizon 2020 Research & Innovation Project
The ICT4COP Magazine:
Norwegian University of Life Sciences

6. THE ICT4COP PROJECT RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
To gain a better understanding of police-community relations in post-conflict countries undergoing security and police reform:
How might communities and police develop and maintain sustainable, trust-based relations that contribute to people’s human security?
To explore innovative ways in which information and communication technology (ICT) might enhance these relationships, and lead to increased trust, accountability, police integrity and human security.
ICT4COP: A Horizon 2020 Research & Innovation Project
The ICT4COP Magazine:
Norwegian University of Life Sciences

7. THE ICT4COP PROJECT OVERALL AIMS ICT Human Security
Advance the scholarly debate on post-conflict issues
Re-envision the objectives and practices of policing in post-conflict settings
ICT
OVERALL AIMS
Develop police education and training
Influence national and international policy agendas
ICT4COP: A Horizon 2020 Research & Innovation Project
The ICT4COP Magazine:
Norwegian University of Life Sciences

8. ICT4COP: A Horizon 2020 Research & Innovation Project
The ICT4COP Magazine:
Norwegian University of Life Sciences

9. UNDERSTANDING HUMAN SECURITY
THE QUESTIONS
UNDERSTANDING HUMAN SECURITY
What are the sources of security and insecurity in the communities?
What is the nature of police-community relations in each case?
How has COP been implemented and by whom?
What kinds of policing practices or other activities does it comprise?
How has COP been institutionalized in national and international education, training and policy?
Use of ICT by the police? By communities? ?
ICT4COP: A Horizon 2020 Research & Innovation Project
The ICT4COP Magazine:
Norwegian University of Life Sciences

10. Post-Conflict Context
Extreme conflict-sensitivity
Chronic violence: gender, minorities
Weak/corrupt formal institutions
Strong informal security networks
Police and government as providers of insecurity
Lack of trust and accountability
Competing reform processes/political agendas
Post-Conflict Context
ICT4COP: A Horizon 2020 Research & Innovation Project
The ICT4COP Magazine:
Norwegian University of Life Sciences

11. UNDERSTANDING HUMAN SECURITY
THE METHODOLOGY
UNDERSTANDING HUMAN SECURITY
Human Security as a broad, integrated concept
Interdisciplinary, Ethnographic & Qualitative: The importance of context
Epistemology and research ethics: ‘co-creation of knowledge’ (network-building, facilitation of dialogs between actors)
Cross-cutting issues, and comparative across cases !
ICT4COP: A Horizon 2020 Research & Innovation Project
The ICT4COP Magazine:
Norwegian University of Life Sciences

12. MULTIPLE OBJECTIVES OF ICTs
THE TECH DILEMMA
Do ICTs facilitate or compromise trust, safety, security or basic freedoms?
Are ICTs in use for surveillance and targeting of vulnerable people/populations?
Our technology research ambition: Explore innovative ways in which (ICT) might enhance police-community relations and contribute to improved human security
Focus: low-level, accessible technologies (radio, TV, mobile apps, social media, face-to-face interaction etc)
MULTIPLE OBJECTIVES OF ICTs
ICT4COP: A Horizon 2020 Research & Innovation Project
The ICT4COP Magazine:
Norwegian University of Life Sciences

13. PRELIMINARY RESEARCH INSIGHTS
Afghanistan
Pakistan
ICT4COP: A Horizon 2020 Research & Innovation Project
The ICT4COP Magazine:
Norwegian University of Life Sciences

14. PRELIMINARY RESEARCH INSIGHTS
Wide range of innovative COP pilots: Joint police-civil society organization initiatives - funding to civil society (PAU of UNAMA)
Promising results –Led to COP as its own section in MoI
Police call number (119). Mixed results -
Police in social media
Vibrant civil society ICT environment
AFGHANISTAN
ICT4COP: A Horizon 2020 Research & Innovation Project
The ICT4COP Magazine:
Norwegian University of Life Sciences

15. PRELIMINARY RESEARCH INSIGHTS
Several partnerships and dialogs attempted between police, justice and local conflict resolution institutions in KPK and border areas – Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) – Gender?
Program at national level to integrate COP into police curriculum
Significant increase in use of ICT by police: efficiency, accountability
Little collaboration with civil society organizations
Controversial cyber crime bill limiting freedom of speech
Tension between civil society organizations and the use of ICT for reporting government corruption and other crimes.
PAKISTAN
ICT4COP: A Horizon 2020 Research & Innovation Project
The ICT4COP Magazine:
Norwegian University of Life Sciences

16. CONCLUDING POINTS I II III IV
Vast differences between local community, police, government officials, politicians and the international community's views on security and insecurity. II
Understanding local context in general is important, but particularly how people communicate and how trust is built within that local context.
III
Support for civil society involvement in police reform is critical to ensure the success of police reform – COP is one promising strategy
What skills and competence are needed in the international community, including police advisors, to support local reform processes which contribute to human security? IV
ICT4COP: A Horizon 2020 Research & Innovation Project
The ICT4COP Magazine:
Norwegian University of Life Sciences

17. Thank you! ICT4COP: A Horizon 2020 Research & Innovation Project
The ICT4COP Magazine:
Norwegian University of Life Sciences