Punctuation Question Marks Full Stops Colons Speech Marks

Punctuation Question Marks Full Stops Colons Speech Marks
Semi-Colons Back to Grammar Full Stops Back to Punctuation Colons Speech Marks Exclamation Marks Commas

Grammar Complex Sentences Nouns Chunks of Meaning Auxiliary Verb
Back to Grammar Chunks of Meaning Auxiliary Verb Back to Punctuation Adverbs Improving Sentences Verbs Adjectives Connectives

Auxiliary Verbs An auxiliary verb is also called a helper verb It comes before some verbs Not all sentences have an auxiliary

Sentences with no auxiliary verb
I played football last night I walk this way to school every day I like chocolate Can you identify the verbs in these sentences?

Here are some sentences with missing auxiliary verbs – can you suggest replacements?
I _____ walking along the dusty road. Tomorrow I ___ swim for my school. I __ very good at maths. Dad _____ the dishes because mum cooks the tea. I ___ spell all of the words on my list.

Modals can, will, shall, could, would, should, may, might, must These are followed by the base form of a verb Use each of these in a sentence of your own:- Can walk; will try; shall play; could tidy; would like; should work; may eat; might choose; must breathe Back to Grammar Back to Punctuation

Connectives Connectives are connecting adverbs that link ideas which may be in different sentences or paragraphs. They help to link your: Ideas Sentences Paragraphs Connectives are used between paragraphs or between sentences in order to show a connection between one part of your writing and another. They make your writing more powerful.

Connectives Using a whiteboard write down as many connectives as you can. Remember they need not just be single words; some can be made up of a few words put together. What effect do the different connectives you have written down have on sentences they could be used in? Discuss this with your Talking Partner.

Adding Connectives and These add further information. moreover
too also as well as These add further information. e.g. He liked sausages as well as ice cream. Have a go at writing some of your own sentences using these connectives.

Sequencing Connectives
before next first after then second third eventually meanwhile finally firstly These help to develop the logical sequence of you ideas. They enable you to show chronological order. e.g. He went into the bathroom before he went downstairs. Write two sentences in your book that use a couple of these connectives.

Emphasising Connectives
above all especially indeed in particular notably significantly These help to highlight your ideas. e.g. He loved skating especially on a cold frosty day. Choose one of these connectives to write a really interesting sentence with.

CAUSE AND EFFECT CONNECTIVES
These connectives help to explain why something happens. e.g. The boy missed his bus and consequently was late for school. Try to explain why something happened using one of these connectives. so because thus consequently therefore Back to Grammar Back to Punctuation

Creating Complex Sentences
Splicing is when you join two sentences together without using a conjunction, semi-colon or even a full stop and capital letter. HINT: Listen out for a pause when the sentence is read. e.g. David dragged his heels to the shop he was in a foul mood. (splice) David dragged his heels to the shop, he was in a foul mood. (comma splice) David dragged his heels to the shop because he was in a foul mood. (corrected with conjunction) David dragged his heels to the shop; he was in a foul mood. (corrected with semi-colon) David dragged his heels to the shop. He was in a foul mood. (corrected with new sentence)

Splicing is most commonly caused by using pronouns incorrectly. Common pronouns are: I, you, it, she, he, we, they… Common conjunctions are: and, but, although, even though, yet, because, until, whereas, despite, whilst, so, since, as, after, so that, before, once, which…

Now correct these sentences using a different technique or conjunction each time. 1) Ali stepped cautiously onto the pad he couldn’t believe what he saw. 2) “It’s amazing!” exclaimed Anna she was completely taken aback. 3) I think it would be better to go home now we need to go to bed. 4) Adam was extremely pleased with his work Beth was completely disgusted.

What is a complex sentence? A complex sentence is a two or more sentences joined together. They usually start with a compound sentence (2 sentences joined), but with added detail, using extra punctuation. HINT: That last sentence was complex!

We can add more detail to a sentence by adding a new phrase with commas, brackets or dashes. Have a look at the example below. Example: It was a beautiful summer’s day as Alan paced towards the pier. It was a beautiful summer’s day as Alan, with his prize held high, paced towards the pier. It was a beautiful summer’s day (probably the hottest that year) as Alan paced towards the pier. It was a beautiful summer’s day as Alan paced -with a bounce in his step - towards the pier.

We can add more information to a sentence by adding an embedded clause. For example… The girl chose a good book becomes The girl, who was sitting in the library, chose a good book. Have a go at completing some more of these. Back to Grammar Back to Punctuation

Chunks of Meaning Words Dog Barked Big Nouns Verbs Adjectives Adverbs

Words and phrases go together to make clauses
subject verb the big dog was barking At midnight last Wednesday, the big dog was barking rather wistfully, in the garden behind my house. Words and phrases go together to make clauses A clause must always have a verb in It may also have other chunks, but as long as there’s only one verb (or verb chain) it’s a single clause Clauses can be put together to make compound or complex sentences.

Chunks of Meaning Words Dog Barked Big Phrases the big dog was barking
in the garden Clauses subject verb the big dog was barking

Chunks of Meaning Words Dog Barked Big Phrases was barking the big dog
in the garden Clauses subject verb the big dog was barking Sentences At midnight last Wednesday, the big dog was barking rather wistfully, in the garden behind my house.

Commas can also affect meaning
Sentence Slow, children crossing. Go slowly there are children crossing the road. Sentence Slow children crossing. This is just describing that there are a group of slow children crossing something.

Let’s Practice Our teacher Mr Elliot like’s Tortoises a lot.
The human body is a fantastic thing which we really take for granted but should really take more care of. School is fun most of the time but can sometimes be boring. The man ran down the hallway not noticing the people behind him. When you go to sleep you sometimes have dreams that can turn into nightmares. She looked around wondering if anyone was following her when she saw a shadow behind her. Back to Grammar Back to Punctuation

Semi-colons Where should they go? ;

Colons and Semi-colons
Like commas and full tops they mark the places where you would pause when speaking. : ;

Each punctuation mark has a certain strength.
; , : The comma is the weakest mark, then comes the semi-colon. The colon is stronger than the semi-colon, but weaker than the full stop.

Semi-colon A semi-colon can sometimes be used to replace a full stop. It links two complete sentences and turns them into one. A semi-colon can sometimes be used to replace a full stop. It links two complete sentences and turns them into one.

Here’s how The door swung open; a masked figure strode in. He never took any exercise; consequently he became very fat. At the circus we saw a clown juggling with swords and daggers; a lion who stood on a ball; a fire eater with flashing eyes; and an eight year old acrobat. She was very tired; she had worked late the night before.

Have a go! 1. The rabbit had been sadly neglected it was in an awful state. John opened the drawer it was empty. The wedding invitations have all been sent out two hundred guests are expected. Tom was very clever and worked hard he deserved to pass all his Sats. Sally’s birthday is in November John’s is in September. Back to Grammar Back to Punctuation

Colons Where should they go? :

: ; Colons and Semi colons
Like commas and full tops they mark the places where you would pause when speaking. : ;

Each punctuation mark has a certain strength.
; , : The comma is the weakest mark, then comes the semi-colon. The colon is stronger than the semi-colon, but weaker than the full stop.

Colon A colon can sometimes be used to introduce lists. You need the following ingredients: eggs, butter, flour, sugar and milk.

Colons Are used in plays. Tom: Don’t forget to lock the door. Lisa: I won’t. Tom: And close all the windows.

Colons Can be used before direct speech, instead of a comma. To my amazement, I heard Mary say: “I am never coming back.”

Have a go! 1. I think I have remembered everything, string, nails, plywood, hammer and pliers. Remember the saying “A stitch in time saves nine.” All my tools were stolen a hammer, saw, screwdriver and wire cutters. I enjoy all subjects French, Spanish, English and Maths. Roald Dahl wrote many books James and the Giant Peach, Esio Trot and The Twits. I shall never forget his advice “If you can’t say something nice, don’t say anything at all.” Back to Grammar Back to Punctuation

Negative Prefixes pleasant dress decided Un cooked acceptable did
A prefix is added to the beginning of a word, or to a word root to change its meaning. For example adding un to pleasant becomes unpleasant. It makes the original word an antonym (its opposite) pleasant Try these: Move the un to the root word and see what antonym you get dress decided Un cooked acceptable did

In dis mis im il word roots justice polite approve behave possible
Choose negative prefixes from the box to make each of these words into antonyms. In dis mis im il word roots justice polite approve behave possible sufficient literate colour trust honest Can you think of any more examples of antonyms containing these negative prefixes? Does it change its spelling in each case?

Antonym using negative prefix
Use a dictionary and a thesaurus to help. On your whiteboards write these word roots to make antonyms. Work in pairs. Antonym using negative prefix Word experience logical mature regular possible complete legal reversible Back to Grammar Back to Punctuation Show me your Whiteboards. How did you get on? What did you learn?

Their, There and They’re

Their Belonging to them

There Over there

They’re They are

Which one? How often do they tidy __________ mess up? Never!

Which one? How often do they tidy their mess up? Never!

Which one? _________ legs are so long, they can just walk over fences!

Which one? Their legs are so long, they can just walk over fences!

Which one? The Science Books are over _____.

Which one? The Science Books are over there.

Which one? “__________” over __________!” shouted Mr Studd.

Which one? “They’re” over there!” shouted Mr Studd.

Which one? __________ lazy! That is ______ rubbish over __________. .

Which one? They’re lazy! That is their rubbish over there. Back to
Grammar Back to Punctuation

Making Sense of Writing
Punctuation Making Sense of Writing

Capital Letters We need these to begin a new sentence.
For proper nouns which are the names of people, places, book and film titles. Can you think of any proper nouns which need a capital letter? Back to Grammar Back to Punctuation

Proper Nouns Jenny, who lived in King Street, Manchester, had a pet frog who liked to jump in the air. She wrote a book about it called The Leaping Frog. Back to Grammar Back to Punctuation

Why do we need full stops?
Full stops are needed to divide up sentences so that we know where to pause. They are used when we have finished saying one thing, and we are going on to say something else. Back to Grammar Back to Punctuation

Can you spot where we need full stops?
Sean was eating a large pizza he was getting fed up with it he decided to give the rest to the dog the dog was happy Back to Grammar Back to Punctuation

Commas We need commas to separate items in a list.
She had a ham sandwich, a drink, a jelly, and a chocolate bar for lunch.

Any other reason for commas?
We also use commas to separate clauses in complex sentences. The boy was playing with a football, which had been signed by Wayne Rooney. Back to Grammar Back to Punctuation

Question marks Of course we use question marks when a question is asked. This often occurs when characters use speech. Back to Grammar Back to Punctuation Can you all hear me?

Speech marks We let the reader know when someone is speaking by putting speech marks around the spoken words. “I will be on TV some day,” announced Jimmy. “ Just you wait and see.” Back to Grammar Back to Punctuation

Exclamation marks! Exclamation marks are used to emphasise meaning. It could be to :- Give a word more strength Show someone is shouting Add a sense of urgency Back to Grammar Back to Punctuation HELP!

What shall we do now? First you must use capitals and full stops. Read it out loud to yourself. Identify each sentence. Have you used a capital for proper nouns? Check if you have long sentences or lists that need dividing up with commas. Have you used any questions? What do you need? Have you shown when a character is speaking? Do you wish to emphasise any words?

C . , ? “ ___” ! CHECK PUNCTUATION.
You will all have a punctuation check list. Use it every time you do a piece of writing. C . , ? “ ___” !

’ The Mighty Apostrophe

The apostrophe has 2 functions 1
The apostrophe has 2 functions 1. To replace missing letters in contractions. 2. To show that something belongs to someone. (possession)

Contractions

I am I’m

We are We’re

He is He’s

Now try contracting these words.
Can not She had They are He will We have Can’t She’d They’re He’ll We’ve

Possession

Apostrophes can also be used to show that something belongs to someone else.
Mr Elliot’s chair.

Have a go at putting the apostrophes in the right place.
The pencil case that belonged to Megan. Megan’s pencil case. The drink that belonged to Jack Jack’s drink. The book that belonged to Tiarna. Tiarna’s book The rubber that belonged to Charles Charles’ rubber Back to Grammar Back to Punctuation

Improving sentences Objective – to improve sentences by adding:
adjectives adverbs a prepositional phrase an embedded clause an –ing and –ed clause.

Our basic sentence A dog barked.

Adding adjectives What is an adjective and what is its job?
A describing word To describe the noun The adjective goes before the noun. The dog barked. The ferocious dog barked. The scruffy dog barked. The aggravated dog barked Now it’s your turn. Add an adjective. The dog barked

Adding adverbs What is an adverb? What does it do?
Tells you how something is being done It qualifies the verb The ferocious dog barked. The ferocious dog barked noisily. The ferocious dog barked excitedly. Now it’s your turn, how did the dog bark? Add an adverb to your already improved sentence.

Adding a prepositional phrase
What is a prepositional phrase ? It tells you where or when something happened Some examples are: on, in, under, by, after, through, during, beside They can go at the beginning, in the middle or at the end of the sentence. The ferocious dog barked noisily. The ferocious dog barked noisily through the hole in the fence. All through the night the ferocious dog barked noisily. The ferocious dog, in the back of the car, barked noisily. Can you add a prepositional phrase to the beginning or end of your sentence?

Embedding a clause – a sandwich sentence
Adding in information between commas using who, which, that, with. Use commas as the two slices of bread and then put in the filling – extra information. Put a , after the noun you are giving more information about then the filling and close the sandwich with another , The ferocious dog barked noisily through the hole in the fence. The ferocious dog, ,barked noisily through the hole in the fence. who was trying to scare away the burglars The ferocious dog, who lived next door, barked noisily through the hole in the fence. The ferocious dog, that had just been injected, barked noisily through the hole in the fence. Embed a clause into your sentence.

Adding an –ing or –ed clause
This is just another type of clause that you can embed in your sentence. The clause you embed begins with an –ing or an –ed word. Put the , after the noun you are giving more information about and after the filling! The dog, ,barked. running around in circles The dog, teased by the children , barked.

Putting it altogether! Here’s what we started with – The dog barked. And here’s our improved sentence! The ferocious dog, who was trying to scare away the burglars, barked noisily through the hole in the fence. Let’s hear some of your examples…

Choose a basic sentence for both of you to work with.
Working in pairs Choose a basic sentence for both of you to work with. Roll the dice and follow the instructions. Let your partner check your new sentence. Score: 1point if you correctly add an adjective. 1 point if you correctly add an adverb 2 points if you correctly add a prepositional phrase 2 points if correctly embed a clause. Add up all the points if you get the chance to shine! The winner is the person with the highest number of points when time is called. The game On the dice – 1=add an adjective 2= add an adverb 3 = add a prepositional phrase 4= embed a clause. 5= chance to shine. Sentences to improve – The boy ran. The sun shone. The horse galloped. The candle flickered. The crowd cheered. The cat climbed.

Time to show what you know!
The wolf howled. Can you add an adjective? Can you add an adverb? Can you add a prepositional phrase? Can you embed a clause In your pairs, see if you can shine!

Back to Grammar Back to Punctuation

Nouns Nouns not noun noun noun not not
Let’s look at these words and see if we can spot the nouns. Click on the words to see if it’s a noun. Nouns Make your own, this is only a template!!!! not noun noun noun not not

Verbs Verbs not verb verb verb not not
Let’s look at these words and see if we can spot the verbs. Click on the words to see if it’s a verb. Verbs Make your own, this is only a template!!!! not verb verb verb not not

Adjectives Adjective not not adjective adjective adjective not
Let’s look at these words and see if we can spot the adjective. Click on the words to see if it’s a adjective. Adjective Make your own, this is only a template!!!! not not adjective adjective adjective not

Adverbs adverbs not adverb not adverb adverb not
Let’s look at these words and see if we can spot the adverbs. Click on the words to see if it’s an adverb. adverbs Make your own, this is only a template!!!! not adverb not adverb adverb not

Punctuation Question Marks Full Stops Colons Speech Marks

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