1. © 2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Ch. 26 – Other Punctuation
© Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
© Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

2. Opening Activity
Form contractions with the following word pairs. Be sure to use apostrophes correctly. Example: does not  doesn’t
could not
she would
I will
cannot
should not

3. Answers
Form contractions with the following word pairs. Be sure to use apostrophes correctly.
couldn’t
she’d
I’ll
can’t
shouldn’t

4. Learning Outcomes for the Chapter
By the time you finish reading and studying this chapter, you should be able to:
Correctly recognize and use
LO1 Apostrophes for Contractions and Possessives
L02 Semicolons and Colons
L03 Hyphens
L04 Dashes

5. Contractions and Possessives
Contraction - word formed by joining two words, leaving out one or more letters (indicated by an apostrophe).
they’re (they are)
class of ‘16 (class of 2016)
can’t (cannot)
Possessives – show ownership
Form possessives of singular nouns by adding an apostrophe and an s.
Mark’s skateboard
The dog’s pillow

6. Contractions and Possessives
Singular Noun ending in s (one syllable)
Form the possessive by adding an apostrophe and an s.
the boss’s office
the bus’s tires
Singular Noun ending in s (two or more syllables)
Form the possessive by adding an apostrophe and an s—or by adding just an apostrophe.
Texas’s lakes or Texas’ lakes

7. Contractions and Possessives
Plural Noun ending in s
Form the possessive by adding just an apostrophe.
the Avantes’ kitchen
the rabbits’ carrots
Plural Noun not ending in s
Form the possessive by adding an apostrophe and an s.
the children’s snacks

8. Semicolons and Colons
Semicolon - a punctuation mark (;) that connects sentences and separates items in some series
Use the semicolon to join two sentences that are closely related.
The night is growing dark; I need to find my flashlight.
The flashlight’s batteries are running low; I’m going to have to run to the store for more batteries.

9. Semicolons and Colons Use a semi-colon before a conjunctive adverb
Often, the second sentence will begin with a conjunctive adverb (also, besides, however, instead, meanwhile, therefore), which signals the relationship between the sentences. Place a semicolon before the conjunctive adverb, and place a comma after it.
I planned to go out with Michel on Friday night; however, at the last minute he said he had to work.

10. Semicolons and Colons Use a semi-colon with a series
Use a semicolon to separate items in a series if any of the items already include commas.
The seafood pot pie requires grilled Gulf Coast Shrimp; a flaky, tender crust; and a smooth, gravy base.
Colon - a punctuation mark (:) that introduces an example or list and has other special uses
Use a colon to introduce an example or a list
My professor told us how to succeed on the exam: read, study, and study some more.

11. Semicolons and Colons Use a colon after salutations
Dear Senator Clintox:
To: Abdullah Armovar
Use a colon with times and ratios
Use a colon to separate hours, minutes, and seconds. Also use a colon between the numbers in a ratio.
8:01 a.m.
The ratio of beef to gravy is 3:1.

12. Hyphens
Hyphen - a short, horizontal line (-) used to form compound words
Use hyphens to create compound nouns.
father-in-law
one-liner
Use hyphens to create compound adjectives that appear before the noun
peer-reviewed article
ready-made solution

13. Hyphens
Use hyphens for compound numbers from twenty- one to ninety-nine
thirty-one
eighty-eight
Use a hyphen to join a letter to a word that follows it.
T-shirt
R-rated
L-bracket

14. Hyphens
Use hyphens to show that two or more words share a common element included in only the final term.
Student loans are available to low-, middle-, and high-income students.

15. Dashes
Dash - long horizontal line that separates words, creating emphasis.
Use a dash instead of a colon if you want to emphasize a word, phrase, clause, or series.
Neatness—it’s a must in this chaotic world.
Use a dash to set off a series of items.
Cleaning, vacuuming, sweeping—any type cleaning can work-up a sweat.

16. Dashes
Use a dash to set off explanations, examples, and definitions, especially when these elements already include commas.
Neatness—which not everyone values—requires some organizational skills.
Use a dash to show that a speaker has been interrupted or has started and stopped while speaking.
“I know I could keep the apartment neater—um—if I want to clean every weekend.”

17. Closing Activity
Correct the following sentences by adding semi- colons and commas as needed.
Jumping out of a plane was so thrilling however I don’t know if I want to do it again.
The jump instructor strapped to my back in tandem style was a little brusque I wished someone else was instructing me.
The gear was so heavy I carried the red corded backpack the folded white parachute and the small back-up parachute.

18. Answers
Correct the following sentences by adding semi- colons and commas as needed.
Jumping out of a plane was so thrilling; however, I don’t know if I want to do it again.
The jump instructor strapped to my back in tandem style was a little brusque; I wished someone else was instructing me.
The gear was so heavy; I carried the red corded backpack; the folded white parachute; and the small back-up parachute.