1. The Reign of the “Sun King”, Louis XIV

2. Henry IV of Navarre 1589 inherits the throne of France
Last name: Bourbon
Converts to Catholicism from Protestantism
“Paris is well worth a mass”
1598- Edict of Nantes- French Huguenots (Protestants) could live in peace and set up their own houses of worship
Restores the French monarchy to peace and financial strength.
1610- stabbed to death in his carriage by a religious fanatic.

3. Louis XIII Weak King Gets help from a strong minister:
Cardinal Richelieu

4. Cardinal Richelieu The true ruler of France during Louis XIII’s reign
Increases power in two ways:
Moves against Huguenots
Protestant cities cannot have walls around them
Weakens the Nobles powers
No walls around their castles
More government agents from the middle class
Wants France to be the strongest state
The Hapsburgs- rulers of Spain, Austria, the Netherlands and parts of the Holy Roman Empire are in his way!
France becomes involved in the 30 yr. war to limit Hapsburgs power.

5. Louis XIV
“L’etat c’est moi”
“I am the state”

6. France – Louis XIV Ruled 1643 - 1715
Called himself the Sun King
Believed in divine right. “L’etat, c’est moi.” I am the state. (page 417)
Made French army the strongest in Europe
France was the wealthiest country in Europe under Louis XIV
Louis XIV spent huge amounts of money
Built Versailles. (page 419)
War of Spanish Succession (page 420) 6

7. Louis XIV a boy king Becomes king in 1643 at the age of 4.
Cardinal Mazarin has all of the control until his death in 1661.
Greatest triumph was ending the 30 yr. war.
Increased taxes
Strengthens the central government
Nobles hated Mazarin, threatened Louis’ life
Louis never forgets, vows to be so strong they can never threaten him again!
Louis is 22 when he takes control of the government himself.

8. Control of the Nobility
Louis is dressed by the 4 highest nobles.
Handing him his slippers or holding his sleeves for him
100 people would be surrounding him
Lesser nobles stood in the hallway hoping to get a glance or a nod from him.
He excluded all nobles from his council and increased the power of his government officials (intendants) who collect taxes.
During his 72-year reign, Louis did not once call a meeting of the Estates General.
Palace of Versailles strategy: built in the countryside, it drew nobles away from their homes & made them dependent on the king. This gave more power to the intendants.

9. Economic Growth
Minister of Finance- Jean Baptiste Colbert assists Louis in helping France attain economic political, and cultural brilliance.
Goal- make France self-sufficient
Gave government funds and tax benefits to French companies
Put a high tariff (tax) on imported goods
Encouraged people to migrate to Canada to increase the fur trade, which added to French trade and wealth.
Colbert dies in 1685
Louis slows economic progress by canceling the Edict of Nantes, causing thousands of Huguenot artisans and business people to flea France.

10. France – Louis XIV Versailles
Expanded from a hunting lodge in 1669.
Became the symbol to European monarchs of the wealth and power of the king of France.
Seat of French government for nearly over 100 years.
Its upkeep consumed as much as 25% of the income of France. 10

12. The Sun Myth Louis XIV chose the sun as his emblem
The Sun Myth Louis XIV chose the sun as his emblem. The sun was associated with Apollo, god of peace and arts, and was also the heavenly body which gave life to all things, regulating everything as it rose and set. Like Apollo, the warrior-king Louis XIV brought peace, was a patron of the arts, and dispensed his bounty. The regularity of his work habits and his ritual risings and retirings (levee and couchee) were another point of solar comparison. Throughout Versailles, decoration combines images and attributes of Apollo (laurel, lyre, tripod) with the king's portraits and emblems (the double LL, the royal crown, the sceptre and hand of justice). The Apollo Salon is the main room of the Grand Apartment because it was originally the monarch's state chamber. The path of the sun is also traced in the layout of the gardens.

13. The Bourbon Family Crest

14. Louis XIV as Apollo

15. The Sun Symbol

16. Versailles Statistics
2,000 acres of grounds
12 miles of roads
27 miles of trellises
200,000 trees
210,000 flowers planted every year
80 miles of rows of trees
55 acres surface area of the Grand Canal
12 miles of enclosing walls
50 fountains and 620 fountain nozzles
21 miles of water conduits
3,600 cubic meters per hour: water consumed
26 acres of roof
51,210 square meters of floors
2,153 windows
700 rooms
67 staircases
6,000 paintings
1,500 drawings and 15,000 engravings
2,100 sculptures
5,000 items of furniture and objects d'art
150 varieties of apple and peach trees in the Vegetable Garden

17. Louis XIII’s Old Chateau

18. Versailles Today

19. Palais de Versailles

20. Chateau de Versailles

21. André Le Nôtre, Royal Gardener

22. Versailles’ Northern Gardens

24. Chateau de Versailles Gardens

25. The Orangery

26. Grounds at Versailles

27. Fountains, Fountains, and More Fountains!

28. And More Fountains!

29. And More Fountains!

30. And Even More Fountains!!!

31. Hall of Mirrors

32. Louis XIV’s Chapel

33. Louis XIV’s Chapel Altarpiece

34. Louis XIV’s Opera Stage

35. The Gallery of Battles

36.                                                                            
State Apartment

37.                                                                                           
Venus Room ceiling

38.                                                                                           
Venus Room

39. Louis and his family portrayed as Roman gods in a 1670

40.                                                                                           
Mars Room ceiling (during Louis XIV’s reign
Filled with silver furniture)

41.                                                                    
Apollo Room, Throne Room

42.                                                                            
War Room or Council Room

44.                                                                                           
Gold Plate room

46. Louis XIV’s Carriage

47. Attempts to Expand
Under Louis XIV, France is the most powerful country in Europe.
Louis invades the Spanish Netherlands (1667)
Gains 12 towns
1672 he invades the Dutch Netherlands
Stopped by the flooding of the countryside
France gains some additional land through a treaty
League of Augsburg- England, Austria, Sweden, and Spain form alliance against France

48. The War for
Spanish Succession

49. Charles II – King of Spain (last Spanish Habsburg)
Literally insane for most of his life (the happy product of inbreeding!!!)
Suffered from Mandibular Prognathism
A disfiguring genetic disorder where the lower jaw outgrows the upper one. (Actually, often referred to as “Habsburg jaw” or “Habsburg lip” due to its prevalence in the blood line. Charles II had it so bad, he was unable to chew.
Only painting I could find of him… (as a young man)

50. Charles V had it… (grandfather)
Philip II had it too… (father)

51. Maria Anna of Spain is Charles II aunt and grandmother at the same time…

52. Charles hangs on for 35 years as King of Spain - everyone is
Charles hangs on for 35 years as King of Spain - everyone is trying to position themselves to take over – no heir
Problems...
King Louis XIV – marries his eldest sister (Maria Theresa of Spain)
HR Emperor Leopold I – marries his other sister (Maria Anna)
This would amount to the annexation of Spain by France
This would mean the reuniting the powerful Spanish-Austrian Habsburg Empire
What does Charles II’s will say?

53. The Will: Philip V is named as successor
He is Louis XIV’s grandson & Philip IV of Spain’s great-grandson
This begins the Bourbon Line ruling Spain

54. War of the Spanish Succession
The French people want peace, Louis wants Spain.
Charles II dies- Louis XIV’s 16 year old grandson- Philip of Anjou is appointed to get the throne. Both now under Bourbon rule.
England, Austria, Dutch Republic, Portugal, German, and Italian states united to stop the combination.
, ends with the Treaty of Utrecht
Philip of Anjou gets to remain king, but cannot unit kingdoms with France.
England is big winner – they get Gibraltar (still have it today)

57. Successes and Failures of Louis XIV2
SUCCESSES
FAILURES
Louis greatly strengthened royal power.
The French army became the strongest in Europe.
France became the wealthiest state in Europe.
French culture, manners, and customs became the European standard.
The arts flourished in France.
Louis engaged in costly wars that had disastrous results.
Rival rulers joined forces to check French ambitions.
Louis persecuted the Huguenots, causing many to flee France. Their departure was a huge blow to the French economy. 57