1. Environmental Sciences Course Air Pollution and Climate Change
Dr.-Eng. Hasan Hamouda
Eng. Osama Othman

2. Outline Atmosphere and Climate Climate Change Climate and Pollution
- El Nino
- Human Causes
Climate and Pollution
- Kinds of Pollution
- Sources
- Transport
Effects of Air Pollution
Air Pollution Control
University Of Palestine UNI Dr. Hasan Hamouda - Eng. Osama Othman

3. ATMOSPHERE AND CLIMATE
Weather - A description of short-term physical conditions of the atmosphere.
Climate - A description of the long-term weather pattern in a particular area.
Weather and climate are primary determinants of biomes and ecosystem distribution.
University Of Palestine UNI Dr. Hasan Hamouda - Eng. Osama Othman

4. Troposphere Troposphere
- Ranges in depth from 18 km over the equator to km over the poles.
- Air circulates in convection currents.
- Air temperature drops rapidly with increasing altitude
- Contains 75% of total air mass.
Tropopause: Transition boundary limits mixing between the troposphere and upper zones.
University Of Palestine UNI Dr. Hasan Hamouda - Eng. Osama Othman

5. A Layered Envelope Stratosphere
- Extends from troposphere to about 50 km.
- Similar composition to Troposphere, but much more dilute.
- Temperature increases with altitude.
- Fraction of water vapor is 1000x less and ozone is x more than in the troposphere.
- Relatively calm
University Of Palestine UNI Dr. Hasan Hamouda - Eng. Osama Othman

6. A Layered Envelope Mesosphere -Middle Layer.
-Minimum temperature is about - 80o C.
Thermosphere
- Ionized gases and high temperatures.
- Ionosphere - Lower Thermosphere
- Aurora borealis (northern lights)
University Of Palestine UNI Dr. Hasan Hamouda - Eng. Osama Othman

7. Atmospheric Temperature Changes
University Of Palestine UNI Dr. Hasan Hamouda - Eng. Osama Othman

8. Energy & Greenhouse Effect
Solar Radiation
- Solar energy not evenly distributed over the globe.
- Of solar energy reaching outer atmosphere:
25% reflected
25% absorbed
50% reaches earth’s surface
University Of Palestine UNI Dr. Hasan Hamouda - Eng. Osama Othman

9. Solar Radiation Visible light: passes through atmosphere undiminished.
Ultraviolet light: is absorbed by ozone in the stratosphere.
Infrared radiation: is absorbed by carbon dioxide and water in the troposphere.
- Albedo - Reflectivity
- Fresh clean snow 90%
- Dark soil 3%
- Net average of earth 30%
University Of Palestine UNI Dr. Hasan Hamouda - Eng. Osama Othman

10. Solar Radiation
University Of Palestine UNI Dr. Hasan Hamouda - Eng. Osama Othman

11. Solar Radiation Most solar energy reaching the earth is visible light.
- Energy remitted by the earth is mainly infrared radiation ( heat energy).
- Longer wavelengths are absorbed in the lower atmosphere, trapping heat close to the earth’s surface.
Greenhouse Effect: Increasing atmospheric CO2 due to human activities appears to be causing global warming.
University Of Palestine UNI Dr. Hasan Hamouda - Eng. Osama Othman

12. Convection & Atmospheric Pressure
- Water vapor contains a large amount of energy stored as latent heat.
- Evaporation converts solar energy into latent heat stored in evaporated water.
- Uneven heating produces pressure differences that cause wind, rain, and storms (weather).
- Vertical convection cells circulate air masses between warm and cooler latitudes.
University Of Palestine UNI Dr. Hasan Hamouda - Eng. Osama Othman

13. Why Does It Rain ?
Releasing latent heat causes air to rise, cool, and lose more water vapor.
- Rising, expanding air creates an area of relatively high pressure at the top of the convection column.
- Air flows out of high-pressure zone towards areas of low-pressure, where cool, dry air is subsiding.
University Of Palestine UNI Dr. Hasan Hamouda - Eng. Osama Othman

14. Why Does It Rain ?
- Subsiding air is compressed as it approaches the earth’s surface where it piles up and creates an area of high pressure at the surface.
- Air flows out of this region back towards low pressure, closing the cycle.
If condensation nuclei are present, or if temperatures are low enough, condensation will lead to precipitation.
University Of Palestine UNI Dr. Hasan Hamouda - Eng. Osama Othman

15. Convection Currents
University Of Palestine UNI Dr. Hasan Hamouda - Eng. Osama Othman

16. Coriolis Effect & Jet Streams
- Surface flows do not move straight North and South, but are deflected due to Coriolis Effect.
- Major zones of subsidence occur at about 30o north and south latitude.
- Where dry, subsiding air falls on continents, it creates broad, subtropical desert regions.
- Winds directly under regions of subsiding air are often light and variable
- Horse latitudes
University Of Palestine UNI Dr. Hasan Hamouda - Eng. Osama Othman

17. Convection Cells & Prevailing Winds
University Of Palestine UNI Dr. Hasan Hamouda - Eng. Osama Othman

18. Jet Streams
University Of Palestine UNI Dr. Hasan Hamouda - Eng. Osama Othman

19. Seasonal Winds
Monsoon - Seasonal reversal of wind patterns caused by differential heating and cooling rates of oceans and continents.
- Most prevalent in tropical countries where large land area is cut off from continental air masses by mountain ranges and surrounded by a large volume of water.
University Of Palestine UNI Dr. Hasan Hamouda - Eng. Osama Othman

20. Monsoon
University Of Palestine UNI Dr. Hasan Hamouda - Eng. Osama Othman