1. Circulatory & Respiratory Systems
Chapter 30
Circulatory & Respiratory Systems

2. Introduction to transport
Transport – move things from one place to another
A life process all things

3. Why is transport needed?
Move materials throughout the body
Supply reactants
Remove products

4. transport & homeostasis:
Replaces materials that are used up, removes materials that build up

5. What is transported? Nutrients: where to where? From digestive system
To cells

6. What is transported? Wastes are transported: From? Cells! To?
excretory system

7. What is transported?
What about Oxygen?
From ?
Lungs!
To ?
Cells!

8. What is transported?
Carbon dioxide:
From  cells
To  lungs

9. What is transported?
Heat:
From  cells
To  body surface

10. What is transported?
Hormones:
From  glands
To  target tissue

11. Adaptations for transport
are influenced by an organism’s environment and size.
Large multicellular organisms
have a circulatory system
that includes several divisions.

12. A fluid portion
Blood – can transport materials

13. 2. Vessels
Veins, arteries, & capillaries – carry fluid

14. 3. A pump
Heart – move fluid

15. 4. A large surface for exchanging molecules
capillaries

16. 3 primary
components of
the human
circulatory
system…

17. The heart
Pumps blood through the body
Human heart is a 4-chambered, muscular organ

19. Blood
Connective tissue made up of cells and liquid

20. Blood vessels
3 types:
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries

21. Arteries Veins Type Description Function Diagram Capillaries
Thick-walled
vessel. Blood is
under pressure
and flows 1
way
Carries blood
AWAY
from heart to
capillaries
Carries blood
from capillaries
TOWARD heart
Thinner vessel;
contains valves
Transports
nutrients and O2
out of blood and
waste diffuses in
Thinnest blood
vessel; narrow

22. Nice healthy artery!

23. Small healthy artery

24. Vein and artery cross section

25. Artery plugged with cholesterol

28. Capillary Cross Section

30. Chemical Exchanges between Blood & Body Tissues

31. At artery end: blood pressure forces water and small molecules (nutrients and O2) into interstitial fluid
At vein end: CO2, other waste, and water diffuse into the capillary

33. Net Flow of Materials Blood pressure 40 Blood pressure 24 Arterial end
Venous end
Net Flow of Materials

34. & now, the pesky Lymphatic System
Turn to page 3 in your notes…

37. The heart
pumps blood
throughout the
circulatory
system

38. 2 circuits of blood flow

41. Pulmonary circuit Blood flow between heart and lungs
Pulmonary artery – oxygen depleted
Pulmonary vein – oxygen rich

42. Pulmonary circuit Pulmonary artery: Away from right side of heart
To lungs
Oxygen-depleted

43. Pulmonary circuit Pulmonary vein: From lungs To left side of heart
Oxygen-rich

44. Systemic circuit Blood flow between heart and rest of the body
Arteries – oxygen rich
Veins – oxygen depleted

45. Systemic circuit
Renal circulation
From heart to kidneys

46. Systemic circuit
Cranial circulation
From heart to brain

47. Systemic circuit
Hepatic circulation
from heart to liver

48. Systemic circuit Coronary circulation
Blood circulation around the heart

49. What Causes a Heart Attack?

50. Anatomy of the
Heart…

51. A
Human
Heart

52. Atrium (atria)
2 upper chambers of the heart
Right and left
Fill ventricles

53. Right Atrium
O2 depleted blood from the body enters the heart

54. Left Atrium
O2 rich blood from the lungs enters heart here,
through the ???

56. Ventricles 2 lower chambers of the heart. PUMPS. Right and left
Separated by the septum

57. Right Ventricle
Receives O2 poor blood from the right atrium. Pumps it to the lungs through ???

58. Left Ventricle
Receives O2 rich blood from the left atrium Pumps it through the aorta to the rest of the body

60. Valves 1 way. Keep blood flowing in 1 direction
Between the atria and ventricles
Between the ventricles and arteries

63. cardiac muscle Left ventricle is largest – why? Pumps blood to
entire body!!!

64. Braided muscle cells heart

65. Blood vessels
Important vessels in the heart…

66. Vena cava Superior (from above) and inferior ( below)
Transports O2 poor blood from body to the heart (which chamber?)

68. Pulmonary arteries
Transports O2 poor blood away (arteries always ‘away’!) from the heart to the lungs

70. Pulmonary veins
Carries O2 rich blood from the lungs to the heart (left atrium)

72. Aorta
Largest artery
Transports O2 rich blood (away from heart) to the rest of the body

73. S. VENA CAVA
AORTA
PULMONARY
ARTERIES
PULMONARY
ARTERIES
L. ATRIUM
PULMONARY
VEINS
PULMONARY
VEINS
VALVE
R. ATRIUM
VALVE
LEFT
VENTRICLE
VALVE
I. VENA CAVA
SEPTUM
R. VENTRICLE

74. Regulation of
the Heartbeat

75. Pacemaker In right atrium Regulates heartbeat
Generates an electrical signal causing atria to contract

76. AV node
AV node spreads the contraction to the ventricles

77. Pacemaker
AV Node

78. Heartbeat Cycle
Alternating contraction & relaxation of the heart muscle.

79. Heartbeat Cycle
Diastole – ventricles are relaxed and atria contract (fill vent.’s)
Low pressure in the arteries

80. Heartbeat Cycle Systole – atria relax. Ventricles contract
High pres. in the arteries
Blood forced into aorta & pulmonary artery

81. Heartbeat Cycle

82. Measuring Blood Pressure
Measure of the expansion & relaxation of arteries
Sphygmomanometer

83. Measuring Blood Pressure
Systolic pressure over the diastolic pressure
Average healthy adult is 120/80

84. Measuring Blood Pressure
Pulse = pressure felt in arteries during systole.

85. Blood consists
of cells
suspended in
plasma

86. Make-up of blood:
Blood is the only liquid connective tissue in your body!!

88. Make-up of blood: 1. Plasma 55% of blood is plasma which is 
90% water
10% dissolved salts, proteins, and other transported SOLUTES

89. Make-up of blood:
2. Red Blood Cells
Carry O2 from lungs to tissues of the body
Contains hemoglobin

90. Make-up of blood:
Hemoglobin – protein that temporarily stores O2

91. Make-up of blood:
3. White Blood Cells
Fight infections
Number increase when you have an infection

92. Make-up of blood:
4. Platelets
Small fragments of blood cells
Responsible for clotting

93. And here’s all the parts together!

94. Make-up of blood: Clotting:
Injury  platelets release fibrin, (a protein)
Fibrin traps RBCs 
cells+ fibrin plug leak, form scab

95. animation link

96. Cardiovascular
disease is the
leading cause of
death in the U.S.

97. Ath’erosclerosis Narrowing of arteries from plaque build up
Mild case  chest pain
Severe case  heart attack

99. Hypertension
=High blood pressure
Heart and vessels work harder
Muscles expand over time and weaken

101. Stroke Blood clot forms in an artery in the brain
Loss of oxygen damages part of the brain. Loss of that function

102. Review…

103. What is the path of blood through the circulatory system?

104. Let’s start with O2 poor blood:
Vena cava 
Right Atrium 
Valve 
Right Ventricle 
Pulmonary Arteries 

105. Where do we exchange CO2 & O2 in the blood next?
Capillaries of the Lungs!!

106. Now we have O2 rich blood…
Pulmonary vein 
Left atrium 
Valve
Left ventricle 
Valve 
Aorta

107. Where does the O2 rich blood go as it leaves the aorta?
Rest of the body (systemic circuit)

108. Now what?
Nutrients and O2 diffuse out of the capillaries (artery end) into the interstitial fluid
Waste diffuses into the capillaries (venous end)

109. Final Step?
Once again we have O2 poor blood that will travel back toward the heart and will be released by the vena cava into the right atrium

110. Circulatory system
is done so take a
deep breath….

111. Now think about what you just did:
Where does O2 enter your body?
Nose & mouth

112. Now think about what you just did:
Where does O2 enter your blood stream?
Capillaries of Lungs

113. Now think about what you just did:
Where does CO2 exit your body tissues?
Capillaries of Tissues

114. Anatomy of the Respiratory System…
YouTube - Respiratory System

115. Nasal Passages Lined with mucus and hairs 3 functions: 1.) filter
2.) moisten, &
3.) warm the air

116. Pharynx
Back of throat
Where respiratory and digestive systems branch apart

117. Larynx “Voice box” Cartilage bands
Vibrate when you exhale to produce sounds

118. Epiglottis
flap of cartilage that seals off the airway when you swallow so food doesn’t enter trachea

119. Epiglottis
Larynx

120. Trachea
Windpipe
Tubular shape kept open by C-shaped rings of cartilage
Forks into 2 bronchi

121. Larynx
Cartilage
Rings
Trachea

122. Lungs
Right and left
Sponge-like tissue
Site of exchange of CO2 and O2 with the blood

124. Bronchi 2 branches off of the trachea Branch into many bronchioli
Cartilage rings keep them from collapsing

126. Bronchioles
Small branching tubes off of the bronchi
“respiratory tree”
Lead to alveoli

127. Bronchi
Bronchioles

128. Alveoli Grape-like clusters of air sacs
surrounded by capillaries, ‘surface area’ where gasses are exchanged

132. Nasal Passages Pharynx Esophagus Trachea Epiglottis Larynx Lung Pleura
membrane

133. Bronchiole
Diaphragm
Bronchi

134. Alveoli (plural)
Alveolus
(singular)

135. Blood
vessels
Capillaries
Bronchiole
Alveolus

136. Breathing
Diaphragm:
Sheet of muscle at the bottom wall of the chest cavity

137. Inhalation
Diaphragm contracts (shortens)
This pulls lungs down and they expand

138. Diaphragm ‘down’ inflates lungs

139. Exhalation When diaphragm relaxes, it expands
Lungs deflate, expelling their content.
How has the content changed?

140. Diaphragm relaxes, deflating the lungs

141. Rib cage assists inhalation, exhalation

142. What regulates breathing rate?
CO2 concentration in the blood
It is a function of the hypothalamus to measure, change.

143. breathing
CO2
CO2
breathing
What type of feedback is this?

144. O2 + Heoglobin combine to form oxyhemoglobin
How O2 transport works
O Heoglobin combine to form oxyhemoglobin

145. Gas Transport
Carbon dioxide transport (bicarbonate ions) – most CO2 combines with H2O to form bicarbonate ions in the blood

146. Recall Pulmonary Circulation (heart to lungs)

147. Respiratory
System
Diseases…

148. Emphysema A change in the structure of the lung
Alveoli become inelastic and degenerate

150. Lung Cancer
Tumors form in the lungs

152. Asthma
Allergic response  constriction of bronchial tubes

155. Pneumonia
Alveoli fill with fluid

157. Bronchitis
Inflammation of the bronchial tubes