1. The Respiratory System13
The Respiratory System

2. II Anatomy and Function of Pathway Organs To The Lungs
I Introduction
II Anatomy and Function of Pathway Organs To The Lungs
A. Nose … … F. Primary Bronchi
III Lung Anatomy & General Functions
A. Gross Anatomy, B. Respiratory Zone (micro)
IV Specifics of Respiratory Functioning– The 4 Events Of Respiration
A. Pulmonary Ventilation B. External Respiration C. Respiratory Gas Transport D. Internal Respiration
V. Control of Respiration
A. Neural Factors B. Chemical Factors
VI Respiratory Disorders

3. I. Introduction A. Overall Functions Lungs: Gases =
B. Passageways to the lungs:
C. Where gas exchange occurs
Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Primary
Bronchi
Lungs

4. Organs of the Respiratory System
Nose, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, and Lung-alveoli
Nasal cavity
Oral cavity
Nostril
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Left main
(primary)
bronchus
Right main
(primary)
bronchus
Left lung
Right lung
Diaphragm

5. II. Anatomy & Functions of Pathway Organs to Lungs A. The Nose
1. External
nostrils (nares)
2. Nasal Cavity
Shape
Nasal Septum
Olfactory receptors
Respiratory mucosa:
function

6. Cribriform plate
of ethmoid bone
Sphenoidal sinus
Frontal sinus
Posterior nasal
aperture
Nasal cavity
Nasal conchae (superior,
middle and inferior)
Nasopharynx
Pharyngeal tonsil
Nasal meatuses (superior,
middle, and inferior)
Opening of
pharyngotympanic
tube
Nasal vestibule
Uvula
Nostril
Oropharynx
Hard palate
Palatine tonsil
Soft palate
Tongue
Lingual tonsil
Laryngopharynx
Hyoid bone
Larynx
Epiglottis
Esophagus
Thyroid cartilage
Trachea
Vocal fold
Cricoid cartilage
(b) Detailed anatomy of the upper respiratory tract
Figure 13.2b

7. Palate = hard palate (bone) soft palate (muscle) Disorder: Cleft Lip
A. Nose … 2. Nasal Cavity …
Palate =
hard palate
(bone)
soft palate
(muscle)
Disorder: Cleft Lip

8. Parts … B. Paranasal Sinuses
Sinuses: around nasal cavity =
Functions:
1) Skull weight:
2) speech:

9. Sphenoidal sinus
Frontal sinus
Nasal cavity
Nostril
Hard palate
Soft palate
Tongue
(b) Detailed anatomy of the upper respiratory tract
Figure 13.2b

10. Parts … C. Pharynx = Throat
Muscular passage: nasal cavity  larynx (air)
esophagus
( food)
Common passageways for:
3 regions-- STUDENTS DO
Pharyngotympanic tubes to middle ear
Tonsils (3): STUDENTS DO
Tonsils

11. Parts … D. Larynx (Voice Box)
Structure & location
Made of Cartilage
Connected to _______
and ________
Vocal Cords
Epiglottis
Functions:
Epiglottis
Thyroid Cartilage

12. E. Trachea (Windpipe): Location: Lined with ____________ Mucus: Cilia:
Function:
Cartilage parts
Function
Esophagus
Trachea
Cilia

13. F. Main (Primary) Bronchi
= 2 tubes extend from:
And Go To:
Then, Bronchi subdivide:
= Bronchial Tree (to be continued)
Primary Bronchi

14. Heart (in mediastinum)
Posterior
Vertebra
Esophagus
(in posterior mediastinum)
Root of lung
at hilum
Right lung
Left main bronchus
Left pulmonary artery
Parietal pleura
Left pulmonary vein
Visceral pleura
Left lung
Pleural cavity
Thoracic wall
Pulmonary trunk
Pericardial
membranes
Heart (in mediastinum)
Anterior mediastinum
Sternum
Anterior
(b) Transverse section through the thorax, viewed from above. Lungs, pleural
membranes, and major organs in the mediastinum are shown.
Figure 13.4b

15. III. Lungs Anatomy & General Functions
A. Gross Anatomy
1. Composition
Location:
Diaphragm
3. Parts: divided into lobes
Left lung—2
Right lung—3
4. Coverings:
Outside = Serosa Membrane:
Pleural cavity
fluid

16. (in pericardial cavity of mediastinum)
Intercostal muscle
Rib
Parietal pleura
Lung
Pleural cavity
Trachea
Visceral pleura
Thymus
Apex of lung
Left
superior lobe
Right superior lobe
Oblique
fissure
Horizontal fissure
Right middle lobe
Left inferior
lobe
Oblique fissure
Right inferior lobe
Heart
(in pericardial cavity
of mediastinum)
Diaphragm
Base of lung
(a) Anterior view. The lungs flank mediastinal structures laterally.
Figure 13.4a

17. F. Lungs … 5. Bronchial (Respiratory) Tree Divisions
Function:
Parts:
Secondary bronchi
Tertiary bronchi
etc …
Microscopic Bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles
Lead to:

18. F. Lungs … B. Respiratory Zone (Microscopic)
Alveolar Duct
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveoli (air sacs):
STRUCTURE:
Tissue:
covered by:
Alveolar macrophages:
Surfactant:
Function
NEXT SLIDE 
Alveolar Sac
Alveoli
Macrophage
Surfactant-
secreting cell
Inside an Alveolus
Red blood
cell in
capillary

19. 5. Respiratory Zone … Function of ALVEOLI:
Oxygen:
Carbon dioxide:
Red blood cell
Endothelial cell
nucleus
Capillary
Alveolar pores O2
Capillary O2
CO2
CO2
Macrophage
Alveolus
Nucleus of
squamous
epithelial cell
Respiratory
membrane
Alveolar epithelium
Fused basement
membranes
Capillary endothelium

20. Figure 13.5b

21. IV. Specifics Of Respiratory Functioning– Four Events of Respiration
OVERVIEW
Pulmonary Ventilation—
moving air in & out of
the lungs
(2) External
respiration—
gas exchange
at alveoli
(3) Respiratory gas
transport—in blood

22. (4) Internal respiration— gas exchange between blood and cells
OVERVIEW …
(4) Internal
respiration—
gas exchange
between blood
and cells
Capillaries
Body Cells

23. III. RESPIRATORY FUNCTION– Four Events of Respiration … A
III. RESPIRATORY FUNCTION– Four Events of Respiration … A. Pulmonary Ventilation
Depends on volume of thoracic cavity and air Pressure
Increase volume  decreases pressure
Air flows from high to low pressure
Passive VentilationTwo phases
1. Inspiration = inhalation
Diaphragm contracts
External Intercostals contract
Result:

24. Active Ventilation 2. Expiration = exhalation Muscles relax Diaphragm
Intercostals
Elasticity of lungs important
Active Ventilation

25. Pulmonary Ventilation … 3. Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
Tidal Volume = Normal breathing = average 500 mL air
Influencing factors: size, sex, age, …
Inspiratory reserve volume =
Amount of air that can be taken in forcibly over the tidal volume
Usually around 3100 mL

26. B. External Respiration– gas exchange at alveoli
Gases move by diffusion
Blood arriving at lung from Pulmonary Artery:
Oxygen, O2
Carbon dioxide, CO2
Blood leaving the lungs via the Pulmonary veins: O2
CO2
(a) External respiration in the lungs
(pulmonary gas exchange)
Oxygen is loaded into the blood
and carbon dioxide is unloaded.
Alveoli (air sacs)
High O2
Low CO2
Loading
of O2
Unloading
of CO2
Low O2
High CO2
Plasma
Red blood cell
Pulmonary capillary

27. C. Gas Transport in the Blood
Oxygen transport
Most on hemoglobin = oxyhemoglobin
small amount dissolved in the plasma
Carbon Dioxide: in blood as bicarbonate

28. (4) Internal Respiration
Gas Exchange between blood and body cells
Opposite to what occurs in lungs
Carbon dioxide diffuses out of tissue to blood (called loading)
Oxygen diffuses from blood into tissue (called unloading)

29. Oxygen is unloaded and carbon dioxide is loaded into the blood.
(b) Internal respiration in the body tissues
(systemic capillary gas exchange)
Oxygen is unloaded and carbon
dioxide is loaded into the blood.
Tissue cells
High CO2
Low O2
Loading
of CO2
Unloading
of O2
Low CO2
High O2
Plasma
Systemic capillary
Red blood cell
Figure 13.11b

30. Figure 13.10 Inspired air: Alveoli of lungs: CO2 O2 O2 CO2 O2 CO2
External
respiration
Pulmonary
arteries
Alveolar
capillaries
Pulmonary
veins
Blood
leaving
tissues and
entering
lungs:
Blood
leaving
lungs and
entering
tissue
capillaries:
Heart O2
CO2
Tissue
capillaries O2
CO2
Systemic
veins
Systemic
arteries
Internal
respiration
CO2 O2
Tissue cells: O2
CO2
Figure 13.10

31. Brain
Breathing
control
centers
Pons
centers
Medulla
centers
Afferent
Impulses to
medulla
Efferent nerve impulses from
medulla trigger contraction of
inspiratory muscles
Intercostal
nerves
Phrenic
nerves
Breathing control centers
stimulated by:
CO2 increase in blood
(acts directly on medulla
centers by causing a
drop in pH of CSF)
Nerve impulse
from O2 sensor
indicating O2
decrease
Intercostal
muscles
O2 sensor
in aortic body
of aortic arch
Diaphragm
CSF in
brain
sinus
Figure 13.12

32. B. Chemical Factors (Non-Neural) Influencing Respiratory Rate and Depth
Chemical factors: CO2 levels
CO2: most important stimulus because it affects blood pH
Increased levels of CO2  acidic blood pH
 increases rate & depth of breathing to correct
O2 levels

33. V. CONTROL OF RESPIRATION A. Neural Regulation
Medulla—sets rhythm of breathing and contains a pacemaker area
Pons—smooths out respiratory rate
Normal respiratory rate
12 to 15 respirations per minute

34. VI. Respiratory Disorders: STUDENTS DO
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Chronic Bronchitis
Emphysema
Lung Cancer
Cystic Fibrosis
Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
Asthma
Affects of TOBACCO

35. END

36. O2 CO2 CO2 Red blood cell Endothelial cell nucleus Capillary
Alveolar pores O2
Capillary O2
CO2
CO2
Macrophage
Alveolus
Nucleus of
squamous
epithelial cell
Respiratory
membrane
Alveolar epithelium
Fused basement
membranes
Capillary endothelium
Figure 13.6 (2 of 2)

37. Respiratory bronchioles Alveolar duct
Alveoli
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar duct
Terminal
bronchiole
Alveolar sac
(a) Diagrammatic view of respiratory
bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
Alveolar pores
Alveolar duct
Alveolus
Figure 13.5a

38. Endothelial cell
nucleus
Alveolar pores
Capillary
Macrophage
Nucleus of
squamous
epithelial cell
Respiratory
membrane
Alveoli (gas-
filled air
spaces)
Red blood
cell in
capillary
Surfactant-
secreting cell
Squamous
epithelial cell
of alveolar wall
Figure 13.6 (1 of 2)

39. intercostals contract)
Changes in anterior-posterior and
superior-inferior dimensions
Changes in lateral dimensions
Ribs elevated
as external
intercostals
contract
Full inspiration
(External
intercostals contract)
External
intercostal
muscles
Diaphragm moves
inferiorly during
contraction
(a) Inspiration: Air (gases) flows into
the lungs
Figure 13.7a

40. Expiration (External intercostals relax)
Changes in anterior-posterior and
superior-inferior dimensions
Changes in lateral dimensions
Ribs depressed
as external
intercostals relax
Expiration
(External
intercostals relax)
External
intercostal
muscles
Diaphragm moves
superiorly as
it relaxes
(b) Expiration: Air (gases) flows out of
the lungs
Figure 13.7b

41. Oxygen is loaded into the blood and carbon dioxide is unloaded.
(a) External respiration in the lungs
(pulmonary gas exchange)
Oxygen is loaded into the blood
and carbon dioxide is unloaded.
Alveoli (air sacs)
High O2
Low CO2
BODY CELLS
Loading
of O2
Unloading
of CO2
Low O2
High CO2
Plasma
Red blood cell
Pulmonary capillary
Figure 13.11a

42. (a) Regions of the pharynx
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
(a) Regions of the pharynx
Figure 13.2a

43. Posterior Mucosa Esophagus Submucosa Trachealis Seromucous Lumen of
muscle
Lumen of
trachea
Seromucous
gland in
submucosa
Hyaline
cartilage
Adventitia
Anterior
Figure 13.3a

44. Figure 13.3b