1. Chapter 10: A Changing Nation
Social Studies 8

2. A. Building National Identity
Era of Good Feeling – described President Monroe’s 2 terms in office
Building National Economy – everyone feeling gov’t. should help secure economy
Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, Daniel Webster all wanting better America

3. Second Bank of U.S. – opened after 1st Bank of U.S. ‘s charter ran out
Necessary b/c state banks made too many loans and issued too much money – inflation & rising prices
Bank of U.S. controlled money supply and made loans to individuals
Tariffs of 1816 – put tariffs on European goods, so people would buy American products
Popular in north where manufacturing
Hurt the South who had to pay more for products and had no factories to benefit

4. Important Supreme Court rulings – promote economic growth
McCullough vs. Maryland – protected the Second Bank of U.S., ruled against Maryland wanting the bank to pay tax
1. Said states can’t pass laws that interfere w/fed. govt.

5. Dartmouth College vs. Woodward – protected Dartmouth’s charter as a contract and couldn’t be changed by gov’t.
Promoted capitalism
Gibbons vs. Ogden – ruled state couldn’t have monopoly over interstate commerce
Strengthened fed. govt.

6. B. Dealing with other Nations
Spain – Spanish control in N. America weakening, esp. in Florida
Escaped slaves going to FL and joining Seminole nation – hiding out
Gov’t. sends Gen. Andrew Jackson to recapture slaves, he also burns towns, and forces governor to leave
Adams-Onis Treaty Spain cedes Florida to U.S. because it can’t protect the territory

7. Spanish colonies wanted independence
Mexico – won independence after Father Hildago organized armies of natives to fight for independence
Hidalgo was executed, but Mexico continued to fight and won freedom from Spain in 1821
1823 – Mexican constitution passed
Simon Bolivar – the Liberator - won independence for much of South America

8. Canada – remained British colony after American Rev.
The Monroe Doctrine – statement to Congress and rest of world that any attempt to create colonies in U.S. would be considered “dangerous to our peace & safety
Canada – remained British colony after American Rev.
Gained right to self-government in 1841
Canada upset after we invaded during War of 1812
Very good relationship with Canada now

9. C. Age of Jackson
Election of 1824 – Andrew Jackson received most popular and electoral votes, but not majority – went to House
Henry Clay pushed to vote for Adams
John Quincy Adams elected president in 1824
Adams appoints Clay as Sec. of State
Jackson & followers called it corrupt bargain and Adams never really accomplishes much with all of controversy surrounding his election

10. Jackson won election of 1828
Jackson was man of the people - nicknamed “Old Hickory” for strength in War of 1812
He believed ordinary people should take part in government
Loved by average American person
Jackson won election of 1828
Suffrage (voting) – had been extended to more people - more people voting
3x more than 1824 – called people’s president b/c so many more people voted for him than any election

11. Political parties re-emerge – Jackson & Henry Clay split Republican party
Jackson – Democrat
Clay – National Republican
National conventions – now held to pick candidate
After winning – Jackson replaces gov. officials with his supporters – called Spoils System
Had been done before, but Jackson did so publicly – was criticized

12. D. Indian Removal Still over 100,000 natives living east of MS River
Cherokee, Choctaw, Creek and Chickasaw
Cherokee adopted white ways, ran businesses, claimed status as separate nation
Led by Sequoyah
Represented conflict over land
Gov. tried to get natives to move voluntarily, many in SE had to be forced

13. Removal – Georgia passed legislation to move Creek & Cherokee Indians
Said that Cherokee weren’t separate nation and had to obey laws
2 Supreme Court rulings – first against Cherokee
First – Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia – supported gov’t.
Second – Worcester vs. Georgia – supported Cherokee b/c said gov. had made treaties with Indians and treaties were protected by Constitution
Jackson furious, wanted natives gone
Jackson passed Indian Removal Act of 1830 – gave natives land west of MS River in exchange for their land east of it and gave them money to move

14. Trail of Tears – Choctaw & Cherokee’s path to new Indian territory in present-OK
Indians forced to walk hundreds of miles in bad weather with little supplies
4,000 of 15,000 Cherokee died along the way

15. E. States’ Rights & Economy
The Bank War – Jackson disliked the Bank of the U.S. because he thought it favored the rich
Business owners liked the bank – it loaned them money
Farmers/merchants/ordinary people – didn’t like the bank, b/c it restricted loans to regular people
Bank closes after charter runs out in 1836
Jackson vetoed bill to lengthen Bank’s charter
Showed strength of president against Congress

16. Nullification Crisis – caused when Congress placed high tariffs on goods
South upset, and VP John C. Calhoun said the states had the right of “nullification” – cancels the fed. Law
This would seriously weaken fed. Government
South worried fed. Gov’t. would begin passing laws about slavery
Those against nullification said it challenged the union and could break country apart

17. South Carolina voted for nullification & threatened to secede if gov’t
South Carolina voted for nullification & threatened to secede if gov’t. forced the tariffs on them
Jackson sends Proclamation to People of S. Carolina telling them fed. law is supreme & he’ll use force
Jackson also passed law to lower tariffs
S. Carolina agreed to end nullification
States’ Rights – issue of balancing power between state governments & federal government still problem
Alien & Sedition Act, Virginia & Kentucky resolutions, and Nullification Crisis were issues dealing w/states’ rights

18. F. End of Jackson
Martin Van Buren – Jackson’s second VP, ran for president and won in 1836
Panic of 1837 – British economy going bad, can’t buy cotton from Americans
Americans aren’t selling cotton or making $$
Americans can’t pay loans to banks
Banks went bankrupt – Economic collapse
Lasted for 6 years… ruined Van Buren’s presidency
William Henry Harrison beat Van Buren in election of 1840… Age of Jackson was over!!