1. Hydrocarbons Systematic naming Alcohols. P,S,T.
Diol, triol Alcohol properties (H-bonds)
Oxidation – oxidising agents – routes
Aldehydes / Ketones - isomers
Carboxylic acids

2. A

4. Any acceptable structural formulae for propanal

5. Silver mirror
Water bath (flammable reactants)
Primary alcohol

12. Proteins Amino acids (essential) Peptide link, polypeptide enzymes
Denaturing
Lock and key
Optimum settings

13. C

14. B

15. One which the human body cannot synthesise itself
One which the human body cannot synthesise itself. We need to get it through our diet.

17. Redraw the amino acids with alanine shown on the left hand side and phenylalanine on the right hand side. Now condense them together (losing water) to show your answer

20. Esters, Fats and oils
Esters – making (catalyst),naming, structures, uses, condensation, hydrolysis

22. Ethanoic acid

23. Concentrated sulphuric acid

24. Add a wet paper towel to act as a condenser

25. Esters, Fats and oils Fats / oils - Animal, vegetable, marine
Fats/oils are esters (fats/oil also known as triglycerides)
Glycerol structure / Fatty acids (ratio)
Properties of fat (saturated) vs oil (unsaturated)
London dispersion forces to explain melt points

26. D

27. The process breaks some C=C double bonds decreasing the level of unsaturation. This “hardening” process results in an increase in melting and boiling point.

32. Soaps, detergents, Soaps (salt of fatty acid) Structure How they work
Hydrophobic, hydrophilic
Soap scum
Detergents
Emulsion – small droplets of one liquid dispersed in another
Emulsifiers
Allow oil and water to mix

34. Mechanism of stain/dirt removal
Roll-up mechanism
The hydrophobic tails ‘burrow’ into
the droplet of oil or grease. 
The hydrophilic heads are left to
face the surrounding water.
 This results in the formation of a
ball-like structure (a micelle).
The non-polar substances, such as
oil or grease, are held inside the ball
and suspended in water, to be
washed away.

35. O- C
SOAP:
Carboxyl head O O O- S
DETERGENT:
SULPHONATE (SO3-) head O
The calcium salt of a sulphonate is soluble in water unlike the calcium salts of the carboxylate.
Hence no scum is formed

37. Antioxidant
Oxygen reacts with edible oils giving them a rancid flavour
Antioxidants prevent this – they get oxidised in place of the oil (or other food)
Ion electron equation (the antioxidant LOSES electrons)

38. Antioxidant molecules donate an electron to the oxidising agent
The food is “protected” because the antioxidant is oxidised in place of the food.
Ion-electron equations can be used to show how antioxidant molecules are oxidised.
C6H8O6 C6H6O6 + 2H e-
Vitamin C DHA
(ascorbic acid) (dehydroascorbic acid)

39. Fragrances Isoprene unit ID the number of units used to make terpene
Terpenoid (oxidised terpenes)

40. Absinthe – a cyclic terpenoid
This terpene has been
oxidised to a terpenoid

41. Essential Oils Essential oils are the concentrated extracts of
volatile, non-water-soluble
aroma compounds from
plants.
Terpenes are the key
components in most
essential oils.

42. Terpenes
Terpenes are unsaturated compounds formed by joining together isoprene units.
One isoprene unit
contains
five carbon atoms

43. Steam Distillation
Steam passes over the plant and extracts the essential oil.
The mixture evaporates and passes into the condenser.
The essential oil vapour is chilled and collected

44. Skin care UV – high energy form of light
Provides energy to break bonds (forms free radicals - causes sunburn)
Sun block prevents UV reaching the skin
Free radicals
Initiation
Propagation
Termination
Free radical scavengers

45. Initiation
Cl2(g) Cl.(g) + .Cl(g)

46. Propagation H2 (g) + .Cl (g) H. (g) + HCl (g)
H. (g) + Cl2 (g) HCl (g) + Cl. (g)

47. Termination
H.(g) + .Cl(g) HCl(g)
H.(g) + .H(g) H2(g)
Cl.(g) + .Cl(g) Cl2(g)

48. Free Radical Scavengers
Many cosmetic products contain free radical scavengers.
These are molecules which can react with free radicals to form stable molecules and prevent chain reactions.

50. addition

51. Redraw the butanal to look as similar as possible to the propanone in the original example. Use this as a guide to work out the product H
CH3-CH2