1. Carbohydrate
Protein
Organic Chemistry
Nucleic Acid
Lipid

2. Organic Chemistry Living Organisms are made up of .
will contain the elements
All other compounds are inorganic.
both
inorganic AND organic compounds
Organic compounds
Carbon (C) and hydrogen (H)
Watch Carbon the Element of Life Movie

3. Classes of Organic Compounds
Living organisms are made up of four classes of organic compounds.
Example:
Carbohydrates
Sugar, Starches
Lipids
Fat and oil
Protein
meat, cheese
Nucleic Acids
DNA

4. A. CARBOHYDRATES
What are some examples of carbohydrates that you eat/use in your daily life?
Pasta Starch Sugar
Bread Rice Fruit
Watch Carbohydrate Facts Movie

5. Glucose: type of sugar in your blood
monosaccharide
Sucrose: table sugar
Disaccharide
Starch: Type of carbohydrate found in pasta and rice
Polysaccharide

6. What you need to know about carbohydrates: Importance
(short term use)
Source of energy
Structure of plant cell wall

7. Carbohydrates: Facts 2. Facts What does a carbohydrate look like?
It is usually a structure.
Anytime you see a name ending in the letters
it is a sugar.
Examples: and the most important
ring
OSE
sucrose, lactose, maltose
glucose

8. Carbohydrates: Facts con’t
STARCH
Carbohydrates can be huge like
or small molecules like
glucose
Remember the diffusion lab? Which molecule was able to move across the semi-permeable membrane?
Glucose

9. What you need to know about carbohydrates: Facts
Different combinations of the building blocks ( )make different carbohydrates
Examples: glucose + fructose = table sugar
( )
Glucose + galactose = milk sugar ( )
sugar
sucrose
lactose
Watch Simple Carbohydrates Monosaccharides, Disaccharides Movie

10. 3. Carbohydrate: Structure
The smallest carbohydrate molecule is a building block called a like
monosaccharide
glucose
Chemical formula for glucose is
This can be reduced to ratio of
Carbon : Hydrogen : Oxygen ratio of
C6H12O6
1 :2:1

11. Carbohydrate: Structure
Combining monosaccharides
If we put two of these together it looks like this:
This structure is called a
The word “saccharide” means
The prefix “mono” means
Di means
disaccharide
sugar
one
two

12. Disaccarides Common example of disaccharides are: (table sugar)
(milk sugar)
(malt sugar)
Sucrose
Lactose
Maltose

13. Polysaccharides If we put many of these together it looks like this:
This structure is called a
The prefix “poly” means
many
Watch Complex Carbohydrates Polysaccharide Movie

14. Polysaccharide con’t Glycogen (stored in muscles and liver)
There is no limit to the number of sugars that can be linked together to form a polysaccharide like starch.
Polysaccharides found in plants are
Polysaccharide found in animals is called
Starch (stored in roots) and cellulose (cell wall)
Glycogen (stored in muscles and liver)

15. Stop and Jot
Tell me what you remember about carbohydrates!

16. B. Lipids Butter, oil, lard, estrogen, testosterone
What are some examples of lipids that you eat/use in your daily life?
Butter, oil, lard, estrogen, testosterone
Watch Lipids, Cholesterol Movie

17. What you need to know about lipids: Importance
(long term use)
Source of energy
Insulation (heat and electrical)
Regulation (hormones)
Structure (cell membrane)

18. Lipids: Facts
Facts
Lipids are large molecules made up of two different building blocks. One is called
(usually 2 -3 of these) and the other is called
Lipids are (they don’t mix) which makes them ideal for the membrane of a cell.
fatty acid
glycerol
NOT SOLUBLE IN WATER

19. Lipids: Facts-con’t
Two basic categories of fats saturated and unsaturated
are solids at room
temperature
are liquids at room temperature
SATURATED
UNSATURATED

20. Lipid Structure Structure Molecules that make up a fat are a
and (usually 3)
glycerol
Fatty acid
Fatty Acid
Watch Fatty Acids Movie

21. Saturated fat vs unsaturated fat
A saturated fat looks like this
A unsaturated fat looks like this

22. Phospholipid
A fat in the cell membrane is called a phospholipid and looks like this:

23. Stop and Jot
Tell me what you remember about lipids!

24. C. Proteins
What are some examples of proteins that you eat/use in your daily life?
Meat, eggs, cheese, legumes (beans)
Watch An Introduction to Proteins Movie

25. What you need to know about proteins: Importance
What do proteins form?
- control reactions in the body (discuss more later)
– defense against disease
– messengers of the body
– locomotion of the body
ENZYMES
ANTIBODIES
HORMONES
MUSCLE

26. What you need to know about proteins: Importance
– structure
– transport across (“tunnels”) the membrane
– allow cells to respond to chemical messengers (remember?)
HAIR
CELL MEMBRANE
CELL RECEPTOR MOLECULES

27. Protein Facts Facts: Proteins are made up building blocks called
The basic structure of all amino acids looks like this:
Amino Acids
*Note the atom in the molecule.
nitrogen (N)

28. Protein Structure Structure Building Block-Amino Acid Variable Group
Carboxyl Group
Amino Group
Watch Proteins and Amino Acids Movie

29. Protein Structure: Amino acid
When two amino acids join together a
is formed.
dipeptide
This structure is called a
The word “peptide” refers to
The prefix “di” means
dipeptide
amino acid
two
The bond holding amino acids together is called a
peptide bond
Watch Peptide Bonds Movie

30. Protein: Polypeptide
Many amino acids bonded together form a a polypeptide
This structure is called a
The word “peptide” refers to amino acid
The prefix “poly” means
polypeptide
many

31. Stop and Jot
Tell me what you remember about proteins!

32. ENZYMES: Importance Enzymes are a special type of protein that
that occur in living things.
controls ALL of the chemical reactions
Watch Enzymes Movie

33. ENZYMES: Facts Facts about enzymes Enzymes are A catalysts
Enzymes work just like a
Enzymes have a and will fit only substance ( ) that it will “work” on.
Enzymes are by the reaction so they can be
PROTEINS
CATALYSTS
SPEEDS UP A CHEMICAL
REACTION
LOCK AND KEY
SPECIFIC SHAPE
ONE
SUBSTRATE
NOT CHANGED
USED OVER AND OVER AGAIN

34. ENZYMES: Facts (Con’t)
The is where the enzyme and substrate go together.
Enzymes names end in
Named for what it works on for example:
Lipase works on lipids
Protease works on
works on sucrose
active site
ASE
protein
Sucrase

35. ENZYMES: Structure Structure ENZYME ENZYME Active Site SUBSTRATE+
Active Site
SUBSTRATE
Enzyme-Substrate
Complex
Product

36. ENZYMES: Structure Denature
NOTE: If the shape of the enzyme is altered, then it and it
on the substrate
won’t be able to fit
WON’T BE
ABLE TO “WORK”
ENZYME
Enzyme can no longer attach to substrate +
Active Site
Active Site altered

37. Rate of Enzyme Function
Factors that affect how fast ( ) the enzymes work.
the rate
- As temperature increases the rate up to a point (optimum), then it decreases because the protein ( )
Temperature
increases
changes shape
DENATURES

38. Rate of Enzyme Function pH
-(The acid content) Different enzymes work best at different environmental pH values. pH
Recall pH

39. Rate of Enzyme Function Concentration
of enzymes and substrates – At the beginning, the rate because there are lots of active sites available (places where the substrate and enzyme join). Eventually, it will because the active sites are full. This is called the
Concentration
increases
flatten out
saturation point

40. Stop and Jot
Tell me what you remember about enzymes!

41. Nucleic Acid Importance: Mainly found in the
Involved in controlling activities of the cell
Involved in heredity
nucleus of the cell

42. Nucleic Acid: Facts Facts: types of nucleic acid molecules Two
deoxyribonucleic Acid) which makes up
(ribonucleic Acid) which is involved in making
Two
DNA
genes
RNA
protein
Watch Chromotin, Chromosomes and DNA Subunits Movie

43. Nucleic Acid: Structure
DNA has the shape of a double helix
The building block is
nucleotide
Each nucleotide has
Sugar
Phosphate
Nitrogen base
(A,T C G or U)

44. Put all the nucleotides together and it looks like this
Then the molecule twists forming a helix

45. Nucleic Acid: Structure (Double Helix)
When the nucleotides are bonded together they form a ladder- like structure which is then twisted

46. Can you figure out the pattern?

47. Reactions in Organic Chemistry Dehydration Synthesis
When a big molecule is made from smaller molecules (Starch from a bunch of simple sugars) the process is called
DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS
Removing water
to make
Watch video clip here!
Press to start.

48. Reactions in Organic Chemistry Hydrolysis
When a big molecule is broken up into the smaller molecules (Protein into amino acids) the process is called
HYDROLYSIS
Water
Splitting

49. The End!