1. Chemical Reactions

2. Compound
Any substance that is made of two or more different types of atoms
Example: H2O

3. Molecules
Atoms connected together with a strong bond. Examples would be H2O or CO2 or even C6H1206
Most molecules are held together with covalent bonds. Covalent bonds occur when electrons are shared. These form very strong bonds between atoms and are most common in molecules necessary for life on earth.

4. Covalent bond Examples

5. Ionic Compounds
These are particles held together with weaker bonds caused by losing or gaining electrons (in an effort to fill the last orbital or energy level of an atom).
Examples are NaHCO3 and NaCl.

6. Ionic Bond Example

7. Diatomic Molecules
These occur when 2 atoms of the same type come together in a covalent bond and are mostly found in nature in this way.
There are 7 diatomic molecules common in nature:
H N2 O2 F2 Cl2 Br2 I2

8. Chemical Formula
This tells the number of atoms and the types of atoms in a molecule of substance.
Mg SO4
How many atoms in this formula?
How many types of elements?

9. Two types of compounds
Strong bonds= molecule held together with shared electrons called covalent bonds
Weak bonds= ionic compound
Held together by transfer of electrons

10. Acids and their Properties
Sour taste, increase of hydrogen ions H +
Corrosive- destroy body tissue, clothing, metals
Poisonous
React with metals to make hydrogen gas
Conduct Electricity
pH range will be between 1-6
Examples: HCl, lemon juice, vinegar, sulfur acid (H2SO4)

11. Bases and their Properties
Any compound that increases the number of hydroxide ions, OH-, when dissolved in water.
Bitter taste, slippery feel
Corrosive to metals, skin, fabrics
Conduct electricity
Have pH range from 8-14
Examples: bleach NaOH, lye, ammonia

12. pH Scale
A scale chemists use to describe how acidic or basic a solution is.
The more acidic a solution is the more H+ and the more basic a solution the more OH-

13. Neutral When the number of H+ is equal OH- A pH of 7 is water!
A neutralization reaction- forms water and a salt

14. Strong vs Weak
Strong Acids and Strong bases are on the opposite ends of the pH scale- FAR AWAY from pH of 7
Weak acids and weak bases have pH’s closer to 7

15. Organic Compounds
Organic compounds are chemical compounds containing the element carbon.
Typically associated with life systems- living things and include;
Carbohydrates, proteins, enzymes, fats, methane, ether