1. Components and Circuits
Chapter 4
Components and Circuits
(Part I)
Jim Blodgett, KI6JB
Electrical Principles,

2. Brief Review of a few Chapter 3 Exam Questions
What is the maximum height above ground to which an antenna structure may be erected without requiring notification to the FAA and registration with the FCC, provided it is not at or near a public use airport?
300 feet
200 feet
100 feet
50 feet
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3. Brief Review of a few Chapter 3 Exam Questions
What is the maximum height above ground to which an antenna structure may be erected without requiring notification to the FAA and registration with the FCC, provided it is not at or near a public use airport? 200 feet
G1B01
Page 3-2
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4. Brief Review of a few Chapter 3 Exam Questions
What license examinations may you administer when you are an accredited VE holding a General Class operator license?
Technician only
General only
General and Technician
Extra, General and Technician
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5. Brief Review of a few Chapter 3 Exam Questions
What license examinations may you administer when you are an accredited VE holding a General Class operator license?
Technician only
G1D02
Page 3-4
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6. Brief Review of a few Chapter 3 Exam Questions
What types of messages for a third party in another country may be transmitted by an amateur station?
Any messages, as long as the text of the message is recorded in the station log
Only messages for other licensed amateurs
Any message, as long as the amateur operator is not paid
Only messages relating to Amateur Radio or remarks of a personal character, or messages relating to emergencies or disaster relief
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7. Brief Review of a few Chapter 3 Exam Questions
What types of messages for a third party in another country may be transmitted by an amateur station?
Only messages relating to Amateur Radio or remarks of a personal character, or messages relating to emergencies or disaster relief
G1E05
Page 3-9
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8. Brief Review of a few Chapter 3 Exam Questions
What is the maximum transmitting power an amateur station may use on MHz?
2000 watts PEP output
1500 watts PEP output
1000 watts PEP output
200 watts PEP output
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9. Brief Review of a few Chapter 3 Exam Questions
What is the maximum transmitting power an amateur station may use on MHz?
200 watts PEP output
G1C01
Page 3-13
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10. 2017 MDARC/SATERN General Licensing Course
Chapter 4
Last week you learned some of the rules and regulations required by the FCC and “good amateur practices.” Now it is time to learn more about electricity and some basic components used to harness that energy.
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11. 4.1 Electrical Review Current, Voltage and Power
Current is the flow of electrons and is measured in amperes (A) [I]
Voltage is the force that moves electrons and is measured in volts (V)[E]
Power is the product of amperage and voltage and is measured in watts (W) [P]
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12. 4.1 Electrical Review Current, Voltage and Power
Two Fundamentals of Electricity
Moving electrons create magnetic fields.
Moving or changing magnetic fields cause electrons to move.
Components of Electricity
Attribute
Symbol
Analogy
Voltage E
Water pressure
Current I
Water molecules flowing
Resistance R
Friction
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13. 4.1 Electrical Review Resistance and Ohm’s Law
The opposition to current flow is called Resistance and is measured in ohms (R) [Ω]
The Components of Electricity are related
Ohm’s Law
Using these charts you can determine Resistance, Current, Voltage, and Power
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14. 4.1 Electrical Review Resistance and Ohm’s Law
Cover the Unknown
Multiply or Divide for the Unknown
Ohm’s Law
R = E ÷ I
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15. 4.1 Electrical Review Resistance and Ohm’s Law
Voltage is ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE, which is shortened to EMF or simply E
"I" stands for "Impetus", the original name for the quantity of flow of an electrical current.
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16. 4.1 Electrical Review Resistance and Ohm’s Law
Solve for
Formula
Voltage
E=I*R
Amperage
I=E/R
Resistance
R=E/I
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17. 4.1 Electrical Review Resistance and Ohm’s Law
Power is the ability to do work.
Work is basically making something move.
Force over a distance or
Pressure over a distance
If something doesn't move, there is no work produced.
Heat produced is also a measure of work.
What is Power?
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18. 4.1 Electrical Review Resistance and Ohm’s Law
Power Equation
Cover the Unknown
Multiply or Divide for the Unknown
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19. 4.1 Electrical Review Resistance and Ohm’s Law
Power Equation
Also seen as
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20. 4.1 Electrical Review Resistance and Ohm’s Law
Power Equation Variations
V = Voltage
I = Amperes
P = Power
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21. 4.1 Electrical Review Resistance and Ohm’s Law
Power Equation Variations
Because Ohm’s Law links voltage, current and resistance, E and I can be replaced in the power equation with their equivalents.
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22. Using the Power Equation
How many watts of electrical power are used if 400 VDC is supplied to an 800 ohm load?
[G5B03]
Page 4-2
Solving the problem
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23. 4.1 Electrical Review AC and DC Waveforms
Direct Current (DC)
Electrons move in one direction.
Alternating Current (AC)
Electrons reverse direction with some regularity.
Frequency
The number of complete cycles of an alternating current that occur per second.
Wavelength
The distance a radio wave travels in one cycle
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24. 4.1 Electrical Review Decibels
Decibels (dB)
In electronics, decibels are used to express ratios of power, voltage, or current.
We can calculate a Power or Voltage Ratio from dBs
We can convert dB to Percentage and Vice Versa
Power Measurements
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25. 4.1 Electrical Review Decibels
The decibel (dB) is a logarithmic unit that indicates the
Ratio of an Energy Quantity
(usually power or intensity)
relative to a specified or implied reference level.
A ratio in decibels is ten times the logarithm to base 10 of the ratio of two power quantities.
Power Measurements
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26. 4.1 Electrical Review Decibels
How does a signal that reads 20 dB over S9 compare to one that reads S9 on a receiver, assuming a properly calibrated S meter?
[G4D05]
Page 5-18
The choices
It is 10 times less powerful
It is 20 times less powerful
It is 20 times more powerful
It is 100 times more powerful
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27. 4.1 Electrical Review Decibels
How does a signal that reads 20 dB over S9 compare to one that reads S9 on a receiver, assuming a properly calibrated S meter?
Solving the problem
[G4D05]
Page 5-18
We will learn this calculation in Chapter 5
Correct Answer: (C) 200 feet [97.15(a)] Page 3-2
but
there is an easy alternate solution.
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28. 4.1 Electrical Review Decibels
Decibel Log vs Power Chart
The question:
How does a signal that reads 20 dB over S9 compare to one that reads S9 on a receiver, assuming a properly calibrated S meter?
You can use this chart rather than having to do the more difficult calculation.
Correct Answer: (C) 200 feet [97.15(a)] Page 3-2
The answer is…….
It is 100 times more powerful
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29. 4.1 Electrical Review Decibels
What dB change represents a two-times increase or decrease in power?
[G5B01]
Solving the problem
Page 4-4
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30. 4.1 Electrical Review Decibels
Remember this tip from the top of Page 4-4
“A very helpful value to remember is that any time you double the power (or cut in half) there is a 3dB change.”
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31. 4.2 AC Power RMS: Root Mean Square
Root Mean Square (RMS) is a measure of voltage of an AC signal that would deliver the same amount of power as a DC voltage of the same value.
The RMS for a sine wave is
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32. 4.2 AC Power PEP: Peak Envelope Power
Peak Envelope Power (PEP) is the average power during one RF cycle at the peak of the signal’s envelope
Based on Figure 4.3, Page 4-6
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33. 4.2 AC Power PEP: Peak Envelope Power
A detailed view of PEP
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34. 4.2 AC Power Practice Exam Question
What is the RMS voltage of a sine wave with a value of 17 volts peak?
[G5B09]
The choices
Page 4-6
8.5 volts
12 volts
24 volts
34 volts
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35. 4.2 AC Power Practice Exam Question
What is the RMS voltage of a sine wave with a value of 17 volts peak?
[G5B09]
Solving the problem
Page 4-6
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36. 4.3 Basic Components Resistors and Resistance
A Resistor impedes the flow of electrons.
Resistance is the opposition that a substance offers to the flow of electric current.
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37. 4.3 Basic Components Schematic Symbols
From Page 4-8
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38. 4.3 Basic Components Inductors and Inductance
Inductors store energy in a magnetic field.
The inductance of an inductor is the measure of its ability to store magnetic energy in a magnetic field.
Parasitic Inductance can disrupt a circuit’s operation or affect its tuning.
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39. 4.3 Basic Components Can you find the components?
#1 Field Effect Transistor
#2 NPN Junction Transistor
#3 Diode/Rectifier
#4 Voltage Variable Capacitor
#5 Zener Diode
#6 Multiple- winding Transformer
#7 Tapped Inductor
#8 Capacitor
#9 Fixed Resistor
#10 Capacitor
#11 Variable Resistor
Based on Figure G7-1, Page (Question Pool)
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40. 4.3 Basic Components Series and Parallel Circuits Series Circuit
The same current flows through all connected components.
Parallel Circuit
The same voltage is the same across all of the connected components.
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41. 4.3 Basic Components Series and Parallel Circuits
Figure 4.9, Page 4-12
Voltages add in series circuits
Currents add in parallel circuits
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42. 4.3 Basic Components Series and Parallel Circuits Page 4-13 Page 4-13
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43. 4.3 Basic Components Series and Parallel Circuits
Combination of Series and Parallel Components
Series Circuit
Parallel Circuit
Figure 4.10, Page 4-13
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44. 2017 MDARC/SATERN General Licensing Course
4.3 Basic Components
Transformers
A transformer is an electrical device with two or more Inductors wound a common core for the purpose of transferring energy between them.
Transformer Symbols
Transformer Drawing
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45. Class Session 4: Part II Assignment
In preparation for the next class session, do the following…….
Study Chapter 4 “Components and Circuits” Part II: Reactance and Impedance, Active Components, Practical Circuits, Basic Test Equipment
Study the Question Pool questions found in the ”blue boxes” in Part II in this chapter.
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46. Please follow the instructions from the Elmers for this room set up.