1. SLU125 Choosing Wellness Brief Overview: Cardiovascular Disease

2.
Beating more than 100,000 times a day in an average adult, the human heart is the essential pump that circulates oxygen and nutrients throughout the body.

3. 4 Chambers of the Heart
Right atrium-receives oxygen-depleted blood from body and pumps it through the tricuspid valve into right ventricle.
Right ventricle-receives oxygen-depleted blood from right atrium and pumps it through the pulmonary valve into lungs via pulmonary artery.

4. 4 Chambers of the Heart Continued
Left atrium-receives oxygen-rich blood from lungs via pulmonary veins and pumps it through mitral valve into left ventricle.
Left ventricle-receives oxygen-rich blood from left atrium and pumps it through aortic valve to be delivered throughout body, including to the heart muscle itself via coronary arteries.

6. Question 1
Name the 4 chambers of the heart. State if they receive oxygen-depleted, or oxygen-rich blood.

7. Cardiovascular Disease
Heart disease affects more than 81 million Americans annually.
Leading cause of death men and women in U.S. 1 out of 3 women will die of heart disease (vs. 1 out of 30 breast cancer).
1 death every 38 seconds--- 2,300 daily
Cardiovascular disease refers to different types of heart or blood problems.

8. EX of Cardiovascular Disease
Atherosclerosis- hardening of the arteries.
Angina pectoris- heart muscle not getting enough blood.
Congestive heart failure- heart’s inability to pump out all the blood that returns to it.

9. EX of Heart Disease Continued
Congenital heart defect- defect or malformation of heart or major blood vessels.
Rheumatic heart disease- untreated strep infections lead to Rheumatic fever that can permanently damage the heart muscle and heart valves.
Heart value disorders- most common is mitral valve prolapse; may require surgery for leaky valve.

10. Question 2
Which of these cardiovascular diseases is also known as hardening of the arteries?
Atherosclerosis
Angina pectoris
Congestive heart failure
Congenital heart defect
Rheumatic heart disease
Heart value disorders

11. Coronary Heart Disease (cont.)
Coronary heart disease (CHD)- Narrowing of the arteries that supply blood and oxygen to the heart.
CHD also called coronary artery disease (CAD).
Caused by fat and plaque build up--clog the arteries (hardening of the blood).

12. Coronary Heart Disease (cont
Coronary Heart Disease (cont.) CHD Caused by Atherosclerosis (form of arteriosclerosis, hardening of the arteries)
Arteries become narrowed by deposits of fat, cholesterol and other substances.
 Cells that line the arteries become damaged due to smoking, high BP, high insulin or glucose, and LDL.
 Arteries become inflamed, collect plaques, lose their elasticity, and restrict blood flow.

13. Coronary Heart Disease (cont. ) Atherosclerosis http://dictionary

14. Coronary Heart Disease (cont.) Atherosclerosis

15. Question 3 Fill in the blanks
Atherosclerosis causes arteries to narrow from deposits of fat, cholesterol and other substances.
Cells that line the arteries become damaged due to __________, _________,
high insulin or glucose, and LDL.

16. Heart Attack
Call 911
Heart attack occurs when blood flow to a part of heart is blocked for a long enough time that part of the heart muscle is damaged or dies.
Known as infarction.

17. Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease
The American Heart Association (AHA) identified six major risk factors for CVD
that can be avoided:
Tobacco use
Physical inactivity
High blood pressure
Obesity
Unhealthy blood cholesterol levels
Diabetes

18. Question 4
The American Heart Association (AHA) identified 6 major risk factors for CVD that can be avoided Name 4 of them.

19. How to Prevent CVD Exercise 30 minutes most days of the week.
Even activities such as gardening, housekeeping, taking the stairs, and walking the dog count toward daily exercise.
Get moving.
Manage stress. See Insel and Roth Ch 2.

20. Prevent CVD Don't Smoke Don’t use Tobacco
Smoking/tobacco = significant risk for developing heart disease.
Tobacco chemicals damage heart and blood vessels, leading to narrowing of the arteries (atherosclerosis). 

21. Prevent CVD Don't Smoke Don’t use Tobacco
Nicotine makes heart work harder by narrowing blood vessels and increasing heart rate and BP.
 Carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke replaces some of the oxygen in blood.
 This increases blood pressure by forcing heart to work harder to supply enough oxygen.

22. Name 2 specific ways tobacco/nicotine affects the heart.
Question 5
Name 2 specific ways tobacco/nicotine affects the heart.

23. Prevent CVD Get Regular Health Screenings
High BP and high cholesterol can damage your heart and blood vessels.
Get regular screenings, know your numbers and whether you need to take action.

24. Blood Pressure (BP)
BP- Force exerted by blood on blood vessel walls. Created by heart’s pumping action.

25. Maintain a healthy weight.
Preventing High Blood Pressure
Follow a healthy diet. Limit sodium (salt) and alcohol use See The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) eating plan
Be physically active. Routine physical activity can lower HBP and reduce your risk for other health problems.
Maintain a healthy weight.
Quit smoking. Smoking can damage your blood vessels and raise your risk for HBP. Smoking also can worsen health problems related to HBP.
Learn to manage and cope with stress.

26. BP Classification for Healthy Adults
Normal Systolic (contraction) below 120 AND
Normal Diastolic (relaxation) below 80
Prehypertension Systolic OR
Diastolic

27. Question 6 fill in the blanks
BP Classification for Healthy Adults Normal Systolic (contraction) below ____ AND Normal Diastolic (relaxation) below ____.

28. Cholesterol
Cholesterol- Fatty, waxlike substance that circulates through bloodstream.
Is important component of cell membranes, and the protective sheaths around nerves.
The liver manufactures cholesterol and we get it from foods as well.

29. Cholesterol
HOWEVER, Excessive cholesterol can clog arteries and increase risk of CVD.

30. LDL and HDL Lousy and Happy
LDL- Low-density lipoproteins.
Shuttle cholesterol from the liver to the organs and tissues that require it Excess is deposited in the blood vessels.
HDL- High-density lipoproteins.
Shuttle unused cholesterol back to the liver for recycling. By removing cholesterol from blood vessels, HDL helps protect from atherosclerosis.

31. Question 7 fill in the blanks
LDL and HDL (Lousy and Happy) LDL- Low-density lipoproteins shuttle cholesterol from the liver to organs and tissues that require it. Excess is deposited in the _____________. HDL- High-density lipoproteins. Shuttle unused cholesterol back to liver for recycling. By removing cholesterol from blood vessels, HDL helps protect from ___________.

32. Normal Cholesterol Guidelines
See Insel and Roth
Total Cholesterol MG/DL = Less than 200
LDL Cholesterol MG/DL = Less than 100
HDL Cholesterol MG/DL = 60 or more
Triglycerides MG/DL = Less than 150
(Triglyceride- Type of blood fat that can be a predictor of heart disease)

33. Question 8 fill in the blanks
Normal Cholesterol
Total Cholesterol MG/DL = less than _______
LDL Cholesterol MG/DL = Less than ___
HDL Cholesterol MG/DL = 60 _____
Triglycerides MG/DL = Less than ____

34. Prevent CVD Eat a Heart-Healthy Diet
Limit saturated fat and trans fats.
Saturated fats include red meat, dairy products, coconut and palm oils.
Trans fat include deep fried fast foods, bakery products, packaged snack foods, butter, crackers.

35. Prevent CVD Eat a Heart-Healthy Diet
Eat fruits, vegetables, whole grains and low-fat dairy products.
Beans, other low-fat sources of protein and certain types of fish also can reduce risk of heart disease.

36. Prevent CVD Avoid Obesity
Death from CVD is 2 or 3x more likely in obese people than it is in lean people.
Remember:
Excess weight/blood causes heart to work harder. This causes chronically elevated pressures within the heart chambers that can lead to ventricular enlargement, and eventually the heart muscle can start to fail.

38. Prevent CVD Understand Diabetes
Disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels due to an insufficient supply or inadequate action of insulin.
Doubles risk of CVD for men; triples risk for women.
Presents with higher rates of hypertension, obesity, and unhealthy blood lipid levels.

39. Prevent CVD Understand Diabetes
Diabetics often have platelet and blood coagulation abnormalities that increases risk of heart attacks/strokes.
Pre-diabetics also have significantly increased risk of CVD.

40. Question 9
List 2 ways obesity and diabetes affect the heart.

42. Prevent CVD

43. Prevent CVD by Understanding and Controlling Psychological and Social Factors
Stress
Depression
Chronic Anger and Hostility
Anxiety
Suppressing Psychological Distress
Social Isolation
Low Socioeconomic Status

44. Question 10
List 3 ways to avoid CVD

45. Warning Signs of Heart Attack, Stroke, or Cardiac Arrest
See Insel and Roth
CALL 911

46. Question 11
List 3 typical signs of a heart attack.