1. Vice Nigeria video
Why do you think the Niger Delta region is so poor, even if they have huge oil reserves?
What steps should Nigeria take to address oil spills?
What steps should Nigeria take to combat oil piracy?

2. Nigerian Political Institutions and Linkage Institutions

3. Warm up!
Give 2 positive effects and two negative effects of the oil industry in Nigeria.
In your opinion, which of the cleavages in Nigeria causes the most conflict? Explain.
True or false: Nigeria has crosscutting cleavages. Explain your answer.
Which of the following do you think has the greatest effect on Nigerian society?
Low literacy rates
Disease
High poverty rates
Gini income inequality coefficient of .43 (lowest is .24, highest .65)

4. FRQ—2015 #6

5. Government Institutions
First, Parliamentary
Why did a parliamentary multiparty system fail?
Military rule (all executive power)
Presidential system since (really 1999 if you take out all the coups)
Based on U.S. Constitution!

6. Federalism? Federalism is:_______________
Technically, Nigeria is now federal, but state governments rely heavily on the national government
Regional candidates only want to win $$$ for their region

7. Devolution in Nigeria
Devolution—The granting of more autonomy to a province in a country
Some devolution occurring—why?
Niger Delta wants more, want to control their resources
Also tired of corruption
Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta

8. The National Question
Should Nigeria even stay together as a country?

9. Executive Branch Under military rule, had complete power
Since return to democracy in 1999:
Limited to 2 four year terms (actually worked in 2007!)
Must include one member from all 36 states in his cabinet (attempt at unity)
In charge of huge Nigerian bureaucracy

10. Bureaucracy Function based on state corporatism
Para-statals— Organizations owned by the state that provide commercial and social welfare services
Exist in Iran too
Generally inefficient (promotions based on patronage)
Example: NEPA, then PHC
Show huge role that Nigerian government plays in the economy
Barrier to democracy?

12. Patron clientelism Huge patronage systems exist in Nigeria
In Nigeria, called prebendalism
In return for allegiance and support, people get promoted (patron- clientelism)
What was it called in Russia? China?

13. Legislative Branch Parliamentary until 1979, now presidential
National Assembly— Bicameral legislature
Senate—upper house
109 senators (3 from all 36 states, 13 women!)
Direct, plurality elections
House of Representatives
360 single-member- districts
Very ethnically and religiously diverse

14. Legislative Branch No power under military leaders
Now, actually “check” the president‘s power every once in a while
Did not ratify Obasanjo’s amendment to add 3rd presidential term
Corruption!
Oladimeji Sabur Bankole

15. Judicial Branch
Before military leaders, actually pretty autonomous and strong
No judicial review under military leaders
Today, judicial review “theoretically” exists
Supreme Court
2007 investigations and removals of corrupt officials
Federalism—state vs federal courts
States can authorize traditional courts based on sharia law (12 states have) (devolution)
Zamfara, Nigeria

16. The Military Obviously, pretty strong (coups)
Military in government—When the military controls the govt.
Military in barracks— Doing the jobs that a military is supposed to do (or trying to)
Actually serves to unify the country against cleavages

17. Elections Presidential elections Legislative Elections
Run-off election if no winner in first round
Must get at least 25% in 2/3 of states to win (don’t want regional candidates that will further divide the country)
Legislative Elections
Single-member, winner-take-all districts
No run-off elections

18. Civil Society
Trade and labor unions—Becoming more powerful as democracy progresses
Nigeria Labor Congress—Huge strike in against rise in fuel costs, actually got government to subsidize oil prices

19. Participation in the Government
2011—54% voted
Media—Strong and independent of the government
More newspapers in the south
Lots of NGO’s and interest groups that protest regularly

20. Pictionary Race! The National Question Devolution Goodluck Jonathan
Federalism in Nigeria
Judicial branch of Nigeria
Colonial Rule
State corporatism
National Assembly
Hausa
Igbo
Yoruba
Biafran War
Goodluck Jonathan
Plurality election
Coup d’etat
Prebendalism
Patron-client system
Para-statal
Niger Delta