1. Kate Fairlie: Land Equity International
Costing and Financing of Land administration Services (CoFLAS) Challenges in Implementation
Kate Fairlie: Land Equity International
Tony Burns: Land Equity International
Rebecca Ochong: UN-Habitat Global Land Tool Network

2. CoFLAS: Challenges in Implementation
CONTENT
Overview of the CoFLAS tool
Steps taken to pilot
Challenges of piloting CoFLAS
Case studies on piloting – STDM and LBF
Next steps
Key Objective:
An understanding of CoFLAS and input from audience on what is required to support a pilot.

3. CoFLAS: Challenges in Implementation
CoFLAS Rationale
All well established LAS have evolved over long periods
Policy-makers in developing countries aiming for ‘modern’ systems in shorter timeframe
LAS reform projects typically have long timeframes, large investments
Governments and DPs need to prioritise their investments
Support Fit-for-Purpose Land Administration Implementation

4. CoFLAS: Challenges in Implementation
CoFLAS Objective
‘Tool’
Budget the cost of, and how to finance, land administration services establishment/modernization/reform
Enabling government agencies to provide cost effective, efficient, sustainable and affordable services.
Methodology supports an incremental process where appropriate
Promotes cost recovery, but without compromising quality of services provided and limiting access to services especially of the poor and vulnerable.

5. CoFLAS: Challenges in Implementation
So what does Coflas look like?
Four stages:
STAGE 1: READINESS ASSESSMENT
The initial investigation of:
The policy, legal and institutional context
Estimation of the scope of any LAS reform initiatives
Demonstration of knowledge of key issues
STAGE 2 ESTABLISHMENT COST ASSESSMENT
Estimating the resources/cost in establishing a comprehensive LAS
STAGE 3: OPERATIONAL COST ASSESSMENT
Estimating the likely costs in running a LAS
STAGE 4: LIKELY REVENUE ASSESSMENT
Estimating the possible LAS revenue

6. CoFLAS: Challenges in Implementation
So what does Coflas look like?

7. CoFLAS: Challenges in Implementation
CoFLAS report

8. CoFLAS: Challenges in Implementation

9. CoFLAS: Challenges in Implementation
So what does Coflas look like?

10. CoFLAS: Challenges in Implementation
Table 1.1 Existing Rights Recognized by Law
Name of Right
Legal Basis
(specify law)
Can be upgraded to
(specify if appropriate)
Term of Right
Rights (Y or N)
Comments/Elaboration
Perpetual
Fixed
Sale
Inherit-
ance
Mortg.
Sub-Divide
Develop
Other
(specify)
Term
(yr)
Basis for Extension

11. CoFLAS: Challenges in Implementation
Table 1.2 Key Policy Information
Question
Response
Does a National Land Policy exist?
Are urban and rural policies integrated?
What levels of administration exist in the country, and how many units are there at each level?
At what level are land registration services provided to the public and how many offices have been established at this level?
Is there a policy that land registration services be provided at a particular level of administration?
Is the registration system deeds registration or title registration?
If title registration, does the state guarantee title?
Are strata titles (condominium, unit titles) recognized under the law?
Can a right be registered without a survey plan?
Does adverse possession of land lead to formal rights?
What procedures exist for the adjudication of rights?
Does the law permit systematic registration?
How are boundaries monumented?
In a dispute over boundaries, which are more important, boundary monuments or registered survey plans or coordinates?
Is there a legal requirement that land parcels are surveyed?
Are cadastral surveys connected to the national geodetic control network?
Can land parcels be defined on the basis of maps?
Do cadastral surveyors have to be registered? If so, what is the process of registration and what body manages the registration process.
……..

12. CoFLAS: Challenges in Implementation
EXAMPLE TABLES

13. CoFLAS: Challenges in Implementation
Table 1.8 – Decisions on Service Delivery
Question
Response
Is there a clear policy on service delivery, particularly as regards time and cost?
If BPR has been undertaken, has the BPR process been used to rationalise the number, structure and content of the forms and records?
What processes are in place to receive and handle customer complaints?
Has the schedule of fees and charges been reviewed to ensure that the charges are affordable to all sectors in society?

14. CoFLAS: Challenges in Implementation
Stage 2: LAS with Broad Geo. Cover
Establishing a comprehensive LAS typically involves:
Completing first registration
Establishing a spatial framework for LA
Establishing physical infrastructure to support LAS
Implementing ICT to support LAS
Capacity development
Project management

15. CoFLAS: Challenges in Implementation
EXAMPLE TABLES

16. CoFLAS: Challenges in Implementation
Stage 3: Cost of running LAS

17. CoFLAS: Challenges in Implementation
Table 3.2 – Summary of Annual Major operational Costs
Activity
Reference
Cost/Year
Cost of office rent (if applicable)
From Tables 2.11 and 2.14 in Annex 2.
CORS operating costs
Item 6 in Table 2.6 in Annex 2
Cost of HRSI
Annual program based on cost/km2 in Table 2.6 in Annex 2
Software maintenance/upgrades
From Table 2.13 in Annex 2
Survey equipment maintenance
Internet connection
From Table 2.14 in Annex 2
ICT equipment maintenance, desktop support
Other
Total

18. CoFLAS: Challenges in Implementation
Stage 4: Estimating Revenue

19. CoFLAS: Challenges in Implementation
Table 4.2 – Estimated Turnover Rate and Tax Rate for Transfers
Administrative Area
Land Properties
Condominiums
Total Estimated Annual Tax
Urban
Rural
No.
Ave.
Tax Rate
Total
Table 4.2 – Estimated Turnover Rate and Tax Rate for Transfers
Low market activity with a high transfer fee
Moderate market activity, with average transfer fee
High market activity with average transfer fee
Transfers are not permitted
Other
[specify]
Expected annual turn-over (as percentage of properties 3% 6%
10%
Either, expected fee per transfer as % of value, or 8% 5%
Expected fixed fee per transfer

20. CoFLAS: Challenges in Implementation
Steps taken to Pilot
Awareness Raising:
Validation Workshop held in Bangkok, October 2014
Presentations made to FIG events in Malaysia (May 2014) and Bulgaria (May 2015)
Presentation and Masterclass held at WB meeting 2015
Presentation to Africa Land Policy Conference Addis Ababa (November 2014)
Project Initiation
Visit to Tanzania November 2014
Documentation
CoFLAS for Developing Countries
Framework for Implementation

21. CoFLAS: Challenges in Implementation
Insights from other pilots - STDM
Social Tenure Domain Model is a specialisation of LADM
Provides a standard for representing ‘people-land’ relationships independent of the level of formality, legality or technical accuracy
Theory and Tool

22. CoFLAS: Challenges in Implementation
Insights from other pilots - STDM
STDM was piloted in Uganda, implemented by SDI, alongside a larger project ‘Transforming the Settlements of the Urban Poor in Uganda (TSUPU) facilitated by the Ministry of Land, Housing and Urban Development
The pilot had the objectives:
1. To address the land information requirements of the urban poor
2. To build capacity in the use and application of land information systems
3. To create dialogues between communities and authorities

23. CoFLAS: Challenges in Implementation
Insights from other pilots - STDM
Lessons learned from piloting STDM:
Partnerships, local ownership and linkage to an existing project were critical to success
Capacity development is a catalyst for sustainability – and takes time
External support was required to get going
Scepticism can improve the tool
Considering scaling from start-up
Need a series of different pilots to really refine the tool

24. CoFLAS: Challenges in Implementation
Insights from other pilots – land based finance for governments tool
Land Based Financing is a collective name given to a range of instruments which local governments can use to expand their revenue base and better deliver services and infrastructure
Insights to this tool are based on a training held in Manila, Philippines in December 2015
Core objectives of the training were:
1. Achieve a greater awareness, understanding and implementation of the benefits and risks of land-based finance.
2. Help participants to define instruments suited to their country/city and adapting these to context
3. Facilitate articulation of next steps necessary for implementation

25. CoFLAS: Challenges in Implementation
Insights from other pilots – land based finance for governments tool
Participants at the training identified the following challenges for its implementation:
Lack of information or awareness of stakeholders/implementers
Lack of experience/training/capacity
Landowner resistance (eg. property taxation)
Lack of political will
Lack of facilitating policies, regulations, laws
Weak governance for implementation
Lack of accurate/appropriate data
Weak compliance/enforcement
Insufficient or inappropriate hardware, software or infrastructure

26. CoFLAS: Challenges in Implementation
IMPLICATIONS FOR COFLAS
Achieve stakeholder confidence with the tool
Eg. More practical and hands-on training
Find linkages with existing projects
Identify clear avenues for stakeholder participation
Compartmentalise CoFLAS for to enable smaller/shorter piloting
Link more closely with other STDM tools

27. CoFLAS: Challenges in Implementation
Recommended NEXT STEPS
Develop and host a hands-on CoFLAS training (like STDM ToT)
Identify a complementary project and country context
Seek and provide a framework to manage ongoing ‘evidence’ updates
Develop a web tool version for easy accessibility
Revise CoFLAS framework to better compartmentalise tasks, make it clearer what datasets are required, best identify roles for all stakeholders

28. CoFLAS – Challenges of Implementation
NEED TO KNOW MORE?
Kate Fairlie
MASTERCLASS: 9am Friday 18th MC C2-131
HOW TO PILOT COFLAS?