1. Civil War & Reconstruction Notes

2. Causes of Civil War
1) What were some of the causes of the Civil War? a) Economic/ Social Differences in North & South b) States V. Federal Rights c) Abolitionist Movement d) Abraham Lincoln’s Election of 1860 e) The Compromises (slave v. non slave states)

3. Cotton Gin 2) What caused slavery to grow in the South?
- the invention of the cotton gin; the more cotton produced, the more slaves needed,
which made slavery grow
3) Why was cotton in such a high demand?
- New textile mills in Britain and New England needed more cotton

4. The North and South 4) Explain the economy of the North.
-The North was better known as the Union ran by Abraham Lincoln (President); its economy was based on factories which made textiles, shoes, tools, and other goods
5) Explain the economy of the South.
- The South was also known as the Confederacy ran by Jefferson Davis; economy based on agriculture/ farming which was aided by slaves

5. 6) What is a tariff. Why did southerners dislike tariffs
6) What is a tariff? Why did southerners dislike tariffs? - a tariff is a tax; Southerners had to pay higher prices for goods such as steel and cloth; blamed this on the North 7) How did issues of the states’ rights increase tensions between the North and the South? - states’ rights is idea that states, not federal govt., should make final decisions concerning them; Northern states passed laws to tax goods from Europe, making them expensive; the South felt the tax violated their states’ rights.

6. Abolitionists 8) What is an abolitionist?
- someone who joined the movement to abolish, or end slavery
9) Who are some famous abolitionists of this time?
a) William Lloyd Garrison- printed antislavery newspaper called The Liberator

7. b) Frederick Douglass- escaped slavery and often spoke to white audiences about slavery; was a writer c) Sojourner Truth- preached against slavery and in favor of women’s rights d) Harriet Tubman- woman who escaped from slavery and returned 19 times to lead others to freedom; famous conductor of Underground Railroad

8. Uncle Tom’s Cabin & John Brown
10) Identify Uncle Tom’s Cabin and how it related to the Civil War? - a book written by Harriet Beecher Stowe that described the cruelty of slavery; many Southerners were angry pushing North and South farther apart

9. 11) Identify John Brown’s raid on Harper’s Ferry and how it related to the Civil War?
- started a rebellion against slavery by attacking a U.S Army post at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia; he was found guilty of treason and hanged; Southerners saw him as a violent man trying to destroy their way of life.

10. The Battles of the Civil War
12) What was the Civil War?
- a war between North and South
13) Explain the Attack on Fort Sumter, SC.
- in 1861, the starting battle of the Civil War b/c Confederate wanted control of the fort but Union wouldn’t give it to them;
14) Explain the Battle of Gettysburg.
- the turning point of the Civil War; Union defeated; where Lincoln gave his famous Gettysburg Address Speech

11. 16) Why was the Mississippi River so important to the Civil War?
15) What happened at the Battle of Vicksburg?
- The Union gained control over the Mississippi River when the Confederate surrendered;
16) Why was the Mississippi River so important to the Civil War?
- this river was the pathway for most of the supplies that came to the south; those who controlled the river controlled the amount of supplies coming into the south

12. 17) Explain the Atlanta Campaign.
- Abraham Lincoln sent General William Sherman down to Atlanta to capture it so that he can win his second election;
18) Explain the Sherman’s March to the Sea.
- Sherman attacked Atlanta (which was a major supply center) and marched all the way to Savannah. This march became known as March to the Sea; Sherman wrecked everything in his path to make southerners weak and give up. This was known as total war;

13. 19) Explain the Appomattox Court House. - Robert E
19) Explain the Appomattox Court House. - Robert E. Lee and the Confederate soldiers surrendered; they had no supplies and many soldiers had deserted or left; they were too weak to fight anymore

14. Important People of the Civil War
20) Who is Abraham Lincoln?
-President twice; did not want slavery to spread; wanted to reunite the North and South; issued the Emancipation Proclamation; wrote the Gettysburg Address
21) Explain the Emancipation
Proclamation.
- the freeing of enslaved people

15. 22) Who is Robert E. Lee? 23) Who is Ulysses S. Grant?
- a strong general of the Confederate army; surrendered to Union army after being defeated in many battles;
23) Who is Ulysses S. Grant?
- made general of Union by President Lincoln;
planned to regain the South by destroying everything it needed to survive; ordered Sherman’s March to the Sea;

16. 24) Who is Jefferson Davis?
- the president of the Confederate states; ordered the attack on Fort Sumter; appointed General Robert E. Lee as the leader of Confederate Army;
25) Who is Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson?
- was a general of Confederate Army; had great ideas about how to fight the Union which led to many victories; was shot by one of his own men by mistake; Confederate suffered many defeats after his death

17. Reconstruction 26) Describe Reconstruction.
- the period when the South rejoined the Union; soldiers had to be sent to enforce this
27) Describe some of the effects of the Civil War.
-North: grew stronger; environment was mostly unharmed
- South: many farms, cities, and factories were ruined; people had to rebuild their homes; most people had no money and no jobs; economy was damaged

18. 28) Explain the work of the Freedmen’s Bureau
28) Explain the work of the Freedmen’s Bureau. - Congress created this organization to help poor whites and blacks It did the following: a) provided food and clothes b) medical care c) legal advice d) set up hospitals and schools

19. 29) Explain sharecropping.
- landowners came up with a system that let poor whites and former slaves become farmers; they used landowners land; landowners often loaned sharecroppers tools and seeds; kept poor whites and blacks in debt

20. Three New Amendments
30) Describe the 13th Amendment. - ends slavery in the United States 31) Describe the 14th Amendment. - states could not limit rights of citizens; guaranteed citizenship to all persons born in the U.S.A and equal protection under due process 32) Describe the 15th Amendment. - gave all MEN the right to vote

21. Jim Crow & Black Codes
33) Describe the Jim Crow Laws and Black Codes. - laws passed during Reconstruction to discriminate against African Americans; made it legal to have separate schools and hotels, restaurants, theaters, trains, busses, and restrooms; people like Nat Turner and John Brown made these laws more harsh because of what they did

22. 34) Describe Booker T. Washington and his accomplishments.
- a former slave who opened the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama; he believed that African Americans would receive equal treatment if they were educated
35) Who was George
Washington Carver?
- teacher at Tuskegee Institute; invented 300 products made from peanuts; taught poor southerners how to grow crops better