1. Creating a Republican Culture
APUSH Unit 4 Chapter 8

2. Republican Principles (page 248)
“For entrepreneurial-minded merchants, farmers, and political leaders, republicanism meant a dynamic market economy based on the private ownership of property and capital. However, they welcomed legislative policies that assisted private business and, they claimed, enhanced the ‘common wealth’ of the society.
Other Americans in the northern states championed democratic republican cultural values, such as equality in the family and in social relationships.
In the southern states, sharply divided by class and race, politicians and pamphleteers endorsed aristocratic republicanism. It stressed liberty for whites rather than equality for all.
Yet another vision of American republicanism emerged from the Second Great Awakening, religious revivals that swept the nation between 1790 and Moreover, religious enthusiasm prompted social reform on many fronts. For those who embraced the Awakening, the United States was both a great experiment in republican government and a Christian civilization destined to redeem the world — a moral mission that would inform American diplomacy in the centuries to come.”

3. The Capitalist Commonwealth
Pages
Economic attempts at Republicanism

4. Banks, Manufacturing, and Markets
Neomercantilism:
A system of government-assisted economic development embraced by republican state legislatures throughout the nation, especially in the Northeast. This system of activist government encouraged private entrepreneurs to seek individual opportunity and the public welfare through market exchange.

5. What was the transition from the 1st BUS to the 2nd BUS
What was the transition from the 1st BUS to the 2nd BUS? What problem did this 5 year break cause?
1791 creation of the BUS created an easy access to capital.
Bus expired in 1811 and Jeffersonians wouldn’t reinstate it
Series of state banks opened and by the time the 2nd BUS was chartered in 1816, there were 246 state banks that were often very risky
(BUS = Bank of the United States)

6. What were the causes and effects of the Panic of 1819?
1st large scale national panic since founding of US
Causes:
Over-speculation in Western Lands
Risky Banking Practices
Sharp drop in farm prices
Effects
Unemployment rate increased
BUS called in loans to wildcat western banks
Foreclosed farms
Westerners hated BUS

7. What was Rural Manufacturing. What effect did it have on the economy
What was Rural Manufacturing? What effect did it have on the economy? What effect did it have on the workers?
Early American manufacturing was outsourced to homes – cloth, hats, shoes, brooms, tin utensils and baking pans were all made in homes to be sold
Because of the success of this, America was slow to shift to water powered factories
Instead of being self-sufficient farmers, rural families switched to a capitalist society where they grew or produced something to sell to the capitalist system (livestock for meat and leather, sheep for wool, dairy cows for cheese, etc).
Farmers worked harder and more to raise their farm goods in the summer and do wage work in the winter so that they could buy the goods they no longer made themselves…

8. What kind of transportation was being created at the time
What kind of transportation was being created at the time? Who funded it?
New markets required better transportation – state sponsored turnpikes and canals came out of this era
Additional Info:
Congress tried to pass money to provide funding for the states to build necessary transportation in 1817
Madison vetoed it as unconstitutional
Erie Canal (1825) by NY is a famous example of state funded work

9. Public Enterprise: The Commonwealth System
The republican system of political economy created by state governments by 1820, whereby states funneled aid to private businesses whose projects would improve the general welfare

10. What were some examples of the Commonwealth System
What were some examples of the Commonwealth System? What changes did this cause for America?
States often gave eminent domain rights to companies that would benefit the public good
This changed the previous held views on private property

11. Toward a Democratic Republican Culture
pages
Republicanism for the average person

12. What demographic was most embracing the new republicanism?
Americans in the North after the war embraced democratic republicanism that celebrated political equality and social mobility.
These members of the new middle class had a large effect on the nature of family, education, marriage, and raising children

13. Opportunity and Equality for White Men

14. What changes were happening in voting rights? Who was being left behind?
America started to move towards voting for all white men, first revoking property requirements and letting all taxpayers vote, and then all white men
African Americans and women were specifically disenfranchised by laws even in states where they could previously vote

15. Toward Republican Families
Republican Motherhood:
The idea that the primary political role of American women was to instill a sense of patriotic duty and republican virtue in their children and mold them into exemplary republican citizens.

16. What changes were happening for marriage
What changes were happening for marriage? Why were these changes happening and what effects did they have?
Political, economic, and cultural changes led to less arranged marriages and more “companionate marriages” for affection.
While divorce was still rare, more reasons started to be allowed by some states like drunkenness and cruelty
Decline in birthrate after 1800 – married later, men moving west, middle class couples chose to have fewer children to preserve an inheritance – average was 4-6 instead of previous 8-9
Benjamin Rush coined the term “republican mothers” for women who would keep their husbands faithful and teach their sons about liberty and government

17. Raising Republican Children

18. What were the two different ideas of raising children at the time
What were the two different ideas of raising children at the time? Why were they so different?
Republican view inspired by the Enlightenment
Child should be raised with advice and praise and allowed to develop a free spirit
Seen in the middle class and upper classes, often Episcopalians and Presbyterians
Authoritarian view
Children are full of sin and should be controlled
Seen in yeoman farmers, often Baptists and Methodists

19. What did public education look like in this period?
Real change to creating public funded education did not occur until 1820
Public schools offered basic education (elementary). For Reading, Writing, Math, and American History. Only the very rich went on to higher education

20. Aristocratic Republicanism and Slavery
Pages
Republicanism for the super rich, especially in the South

21. The Revolution and Slavery 1776-1800

22. What effect did the Revolution have on slavery immediately and over time?
30,000 slaves ran away to join England because they were promised freedom.
Led to some slaves hoping for freedom and general emancipation in the north

23. Free Blacks, Slave States, and Manumission
The legal act of relinquishing property rights in slaves.
Example: VA said in 1782 that blacks who fought in the Revolution would be freed AND slave owners could choose to free their slaves, but later worried that a large free black population would threaten the institution of slavery, so the Virginia assembly repealed that law by 1792.

24. How were Northern states dealing with the issue of slavery at this time?
Northern states began to gradually end slavery (Quakers and the Enlightenment helped this)
But Northern States enforced laws against interracial marriages and African Americans still faced much racism

25. 1. Why did the South feel the need to defend slavery. 2
1. Why did the South feel the need to defend slavery? 2. What was their defense?
Manumission and other states ending slavery freaked out the south as did potential rebellions like
Gabriel Prosser rebellion in Virginia in 1800 was an attempted rebellion that was “caught” before it happened. Gabriel and 25 followers were executed.
TJ and his “necessary evil” idea allowed southerners to think that slavery was acceptable to maintain their lifestyle. They referred to slaves as property.

26. 3. What effect did this have on Southern society and slaves?
3. Southern rich whites began the practice of a Herrenvolk Republic
A republic based on the principle of rule by a master race. To preserve their privileged social position, southern leaders restricted individual liberty and legal equality to whites
This included restricting the rights of slaves as well as free blacks.

27. The North and South Grow Apart

28. What differences in work, economy, labor, and education occurred between the North and South at this time?
North: More religion, public education, moving into factory labor
South: Only the rich had an education, all labor was done by slaves, rich and upper middle class spend money on “extravagance”
Public opinion (obviously from the North): the North had a strong work ethic while much was said about slaves making Southerners lazy

29. How did most African Americans feel about the American Colonization Society?
Founded by Henry Clay
Believed that slavery was wrong, but that freed slaves should be sent to Africa (colony of Liberia)
Many African Americans disagreed with this since they saw themselves as Americans

30. The Missouri Crisis

31. Describe the drama leading up to the Missouri Compromise
Missouri (from the LA Purchase) wanted to become a state. Tallmadge (from the North) proposed that it should be a free state.
South freaked out, said no, and now the South won’t let Maine be a state.
DRAMA for two years in Congress

32. Henry Clay Creates the Missouri Compromise
Maine would enter as a free state
Missouri would enter as a slave state
All other states to enter in the LA Purchase territory would be decided based on a line drawn at 36’30. North of the line would be free – South of it would be slave

33. Protestant Christianity as a Social Force
Pages
The Second Great Awakening

34. A Republican Religious Order

35. What did religious freedom and “separation of church and state” look like at this time?
Free exercise of religion and no established church per state
Church – State Relations
No real separation of church and state – states often gave churches tax exempt status (like now)
Some states required office holders to be Protestants
Some churches wanted to separate themselves from the government (funds) to protect themselves from government control and leaned toward “voluntarism” where members would fund the church

36. Second Great Awakening
 Unprecedented religious revival that swept the nation between 1790 and 1850; it also proved to be a major impetus for the reform movements of the era.

37. Which denominations grew out of the Second Great Awakening?
Baptists and Methodists – lots
Universalists – some
Mormons
Evangelical beliefs
Emotional preaching (like Whitefield in the 1st GA) became popular again
Initially preaching equality, preachers in the South changed their tune to say that men should be in charge of women and that slaves should be submissive…

38. How did the 2nd Great Awakening affect African Americans?
Protestant Christianity was shared with the slaves (through the persuasion of ministers on the planters)
African Americans ignored the obey and original sin part and embraced the freeing of the Jews part!

39. Religion and Reform
Remember: Every Great Awakening comes with two parts – the first is the Religious Revival, and the second is the Reform Movement

40. What did the reform portion of the 2nd Great Awakening look like
What did the reform portion of the 2nd Great Awakening look like? Who led it?
The Second Great Awakening moved away from the focus on sin and predestination and towards free will, salvation through good works, and evangelicalism
Another idea of the Second Great Awakening focused on the building of God’s kingdom on earth.
This idea of perfecting society led directly into the political (reform) movement of the Second Great Awakening that had its peak from
Women and men worked to help others, often through interdenominational groups

41. Women’s New Religious Roles

42. How did the 2nd Great Awakening affect women?
Some started new sects, some were in church leadership, and others organized charities
We will discuss these more in Chapter 11

43. Why were women able to “get away” with this activity?
The numbers of women in church membership was SO high.
The Cult of Domesticity
Belief that “women's place” is in the home taking care of the family – obviously a middle and upper class belief
BUT women who could afford people to take care of their home could now extend this idea of “caring for others” into charitable efforts

44. 1. What paths did this involvement open for women. 2
1. What paths did this involvement open for women? 2. How did this involvement lessen rights for women in some places?
Religious activism for women also focused on educating middle class women, who often became schoolteachers. While paid poorly they had a place in the world.
Baptists changed their tune from equality to “the women’s place is in the home” and now women couldn’t be church leaders