1. Introductory Plant Biology
Art/Science/Knowledge
of Plant Biology
Introductory Plant Biology
Introduction to the major divisions of
plant kingdom,
Seed Plants/Flowering Plants: Angiosperms (4)
Textbook: Chapter 22, pp
Notes for Botany (B), Chapter 14, pp
Lecture 9
Kris Pruski

2. Art/Science/Knowledge
Angiosperms
Art/Science/Knowledge
of Plant Biology
Learning objectives:
Understand the differences between angiosperms and gymnosperms
Diagram the life cycle of a flowering plant, indicating shifts from haploid to diploid cells
Compare two types of female gametophytes and learn how a male gametophyte develops
Know characteristics of flowers associated with specific types of pollinators
Specialization trends in flowering plants.
Selected families of flowering plants

3. Art/Science/Knowledge
Angiosperms
Art/Science/Knowledge
of Plant Biology
The name angiosperms from Greek: Angion (vessel) and Sperma (seed)
A vessel is a carpel, an inrolled leaf with seeds along its margins , green peas for example
A seed develops from an ovule within a carpel and it is part of an ovary that becomes a fruit.

4. Gymnosperms have exposed ovules and seeds
Angiosperms have ovules and seeds in the fruit
All Angiosperms are in phylum Magnoliophyta（被子植物门）
Like Gymnosperms, the angiosperms are heteresporous (produce two kinds of spores) an sporophytes are even more dominant than in gymnosperms. Female gametophytes are enclosed within sporophyte tissue and reduced only to a few cells; male gametophyte consists of germinated pollen with three nuclei.

5. Life cycle of a typical ANGIOSPERM:
Angiosperms
Life cycle of a typical ANGIOSPERM:
Initiation of seed: 1) POLLINATION,
2) FERTILIZATION – double fertilization (transmitting cells, tube nucleus, generative nuclei)
Zygote2n (embryo) = egg + one sperm nucleus Endosperm3n = two polar nuclei + second sperm nucleus
Seed (seed maturation, drying)
Ripening
Dissemination
Germination juvenile mature Flower

6. Angiosperms Development of seeds心皮

7. Art/Science/Knowledge
of Plant Biology

8. Art/Science/Knowledge
of Plant Biology

9. Angiosperms Development of seeds
Male
microsporocyte

10. Angiosperms Development of seeds
Female
mecrasporocyte

11. Angiosperms Development of seeds
Pollination

12. Angiosperms Development of seeds
Double
Fertilization

13. Angiosperms Development of seeds
Double
Fertilization

14. Double Fertilization B C A AN PN E SP PT N PG PN 2 1 E PT PT OVY OVL
Figure Idealized diagrammatic representation of pollination, pollen tube growth and double fertilization. A. Pollen grain (PG) germinates on the stigma of the pistil and grows via a pollen tube (PT) toward an ovule (OVL) containing a mature female gametophyte. OVY = Ovary. B. The pollen tube (PT) grows through the micropylar end of the ovule toward the egg (E). AN = antipodal nuclei; PN = polar nuclei; SP = sperm nuclei. C. Double fertilization occurs when one sperm nucleus (1) fuses with the egg and the other sperm nucleus (2) unites with the polar nuclei. N = nucellus. D. Double fertilization results in the zygote (ZY), which is diploid (2n), and the primary endosperm nucleus (PEN), which in our example is triploid or 3n. C
OVY
OVL A

16. Germinating pollen tube

17. Double Fertilization B C A AN PN E SP PT PG PN E PT OVY OVL RAF
Figure Idealized diagrammatic representation of pollination, pollen tube growth and double fertilization. A. Pollen grain (PG) germinates on the stigma of the pistil and grows via a pollen tube (PT) toward an ovule (OVL) containing a mature female gametophyte. OVY = Ovary. B. The pollen tube (PT) grows through the micropylar end of the ovule toward the egg (E). AN = antipodal nuclei; PN = polar nuclei; SP = sperm nuclei. C. Double fertilization occurs when one sperm nucleus (1) fuses with the egg and the other sperm nucleus (2) unites with the polar nuclei. N = nucellus. D. Double fertilization results in the zygote (ZY), which is diploid (2n), and the primary endosperm nucleus (PEN), which in our example is triploid or 3n. C
OVY
OVL A
RAF

18. Double Fertilization B C D A AN PN E SP PT N PG PN 2 1 E PT PT OVY PEN
Figure Idealized diagrammatic representation of pollination, pollen tube growth and double fertilization. A. Pollen grain (PG) germinates on the stigma of the pistil and grows via a pollen tube (PT) toward an ovule (OVL) containing a mature female gametophyte. OVY = Ovary. B. The pollen tube (PT) grows through the micropylar end of the ovule toward the egg (E). AN = antipodal nuclei; PN = polar nuclei; SP = sperm nuclei. C. Double fertilization occurs when one sperm nucleus (1) fuses with the egg and the other sperm nucleus (2) unites with the polar nuclei. N = nucellus. D. Double fertilization results in the zygote (ZY), which is diploid (2n), and the primary endosperm nucleus (PEN), which in our example is triploid or 3n. C
OVY
PEN ZY
OVL D A
RAF

19. Angiosperms Development of seeds
Flower parts vs seed parts
Fusion of f/m gametes occurs in the flower
Ovary Fruit tissue
Ovule Mature seed
Embryo sac Inner part of the seed
2 Polar nuclei (f) + 1 sperm nucleus (m) Endosperm3n
Egg cell(f) + sperm nucleus(m) Embryo2n
Integuments Testa (seed coat)

20. Angiosperms Development of seeds

21. Angiosperms- classification

22. angiosperms

23. Angiosperms - classification

24. Angiosperms - classification

25. Angiosperms - classification

26. Angiosperms - classification
Position of the ovary
in the flower

27. Angiosperms - classification
Monoecious （雌雄同株）– when both male and female imperfect flowers occur on the same plant; examples: cucumber, pumpkin

28. Angiosperms - classification
Monoecious （雌雄同株） (corn, squash, watermelon)
Andromonoecious（雄花两性花同株）: complete and incomplete staminate flowers on one plant (muskmelon)
Gynomonoecious（雌花两性花同株）: complete and incomplete pistillate flowers on one plant (cucumber)

29. Angiosperms - classification
Dioecious （ 雌雄异株）- when a plant bears only male flowers and other plants of the same species bears only female flowers; example: Sea Buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides L. )
male female 沙棘

30. Angiosperms – selected families

31. Angiosperms – selected families
Dicots:
Mustard family (Brassicaceae)
Legume family (Fabaceae)
Nightshade family (Solanaceae)
Carrot family (Apiaceae)
Pumpkin family (Cucurbitaceae)
Sunflower family (Asteraceae)
Rose family (Rosaceae)
Monocots:
Grass family (Poaceae)
Lily family (Liliaceae)
Orchid family (Orchidaceae) 茄科
伞形科
葫芦科 菊科

32. Family Brassicaceae – Mustard Family
COLE CROPS
十字花科
甘蓝类蔬菜

33. COLE CROPS - Brassicaceae
十字花科

34. Brassicaceae
Cole crops, at a basic level, are plants that belong to the mustard (Brassica) family and are all descendants of wild cabbage!
Agriculturally, a very important family.
Many uses: oil, animal feed, condiments, ornamental, vegetables
Growth habit: annual, biennial and perennial herbs, some woody species primarily upright growth

35. Brassicaceae Common Name Edible Part Description Broccoli Head
Inflorescence
Cabbage
Enlarged terminal bud
Brussels Sprouts
Sprout
Enlarged axillary bud
Kohlrabi
Bulb
Swollen stem
Cauliflower
Curd
Undifferentiated stem apices (end)
Kale
Leaf
Rutabaga
Root
Taproot
Radish
球芽甘蓝
大头菜
羽衣甘蓝
芜菁甘蓝

36. Brassicaceae Brassica oleracea 甘蓝
B. oleracea var. botrytis Cauliflower
B. oleracea var. gemmifera Brussels Sprouts
B. oleracea var. italica Broccoli
B. oleracea var. gongylodes Kohlrabi
(or var. caulorapa)
B. oleracea var. acephala Kale
B. oleracea var. capitata Cabbage
球芽甘蓝
大头菜
羽衣甘蓝

37. Brassicaceae Brassica oleracea B. oleracea var. capitata Cabbage
B. oleracea var. capitata f. alba White
B. oleracea var. capitata f. rubra Red
B. oleracea var. capitata f. sabauda Savoy

38. Brassicaceae Other Brassica: Brassica napobrassica Rutabaga
(B. napus - napobrassica group)
B. rapa (rapifera group) Turnip
B. juncea Mustard Greens
B. campestris Chinese Cabbage, Chinese Mustard, Pak Choi
芜菁甘蓝

39. Brassicaceae Other Brassica: Lepidium sativum Garden Cress
Rarippa nasturtium-aquaticum Water Cress
Rhaphanus sativus Radish, Chinese, French
Armoracia rusticana Horseradish
Wasabia japonica Wasabi
(syn. Eutrema japonica)
独行菜
Radish
豆瓣菜
小萝卜 辣根 芥末
Horseradish
Wasabi

40. Brassicaceae
Other Brassica: Armoracia rusticana Horseradish

41. Brassicaceae _ Root Crops
Radish – Raphanus sativus
Turnip - Brassica rapa subsp. rapa
Rutabaga – B. napus subsp. rapifera
Horseradish – Armoracia rusticana
Japanese horseradish – Wasabia japonica
小萝卜 芜菁
芜菁甘蓝 辣根
日本辣根

42. Brassicaceae _ Root Crops
Radish – Raphanus sativus

43. Family Fabaceae (Leguminosae) BEANS and PEAS

44. Fabaceae: Beans and Peas
Soybeans, Glycine max L.
North China origin, 5000 years; vegetable type - immature seeds, agronomic type – mature dry seeds
Growing importance in North America
Peas, Pisum sativum L.
The earliest, oldest cultivated crop – Neolithic era (what is today Turkey and Jordan); to America after Columbus
Beans, Phaseolus vulgaris L.
Date 7000 years ago
Lima bean, Phaseolus lunatus L.
Central America origin (Peru) 2500 years; important especially in south America
农艺型 菜豆
利马豆

45. Fabaceae: Beans and Peas
Pods 豆荚

46. Fabaceae: Beans and Peas
Botany – Lima bean:
Pisum lannatus
Small seed lima bean - Sieva type
Large seed often called Butterbean or Madagascar bean
A perennial plant or so called log-lived annual
Grown commercially as an annual
Roots develop nodules, Rhizobium
根瘤菌

47. Beans and Peas culture

48. Solanaceae Atropa belladonna Deadly nightshade Capsicum annuum
Capsicum frutescens
Lycopersicon esculentum (Lycopersicon lycopersicum)
Nicotiana tabacum
Petunia spp.
Physalis ixocarpa
Solanum dulcamara
Solanum melongena
Solanum tuberosum 颠茄
Deadly nightshade
Sweet pepper
Hot pepper
Tomato
Tobacco
Petunia
Tomatillo
Nightshade
Eggplant(Aubergine)
Potato 甜椒 辣椒 番茄 烟草
粘果酸浆
欧白英 茄子
马铃薯

49. Eggplant
Tomato
Hot pepper
Tomato

50. SOLANACEAE - Potato

51. SOLANACEAE - Potato

52. Solanaceae – other approaches (pomato)

53. Apiaceae Carrot (& Parsnip)
Family Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)
Daucus carota carrot (root)
Pastinaca sativa parsnip (root)
防风草（欧洲萝卜）

54. Carrot Other important species: Apium graveolens celery (petiole)
Petroselinum crispum parsley (leaf-herb)
Foeniculum vulgare fennel
Coriandrum sativum coriander (seed-spice) cilantro (leaf-herb)
Anethum graveolens dill (leaf-herb, seed-spice) 欧芹 茴香
芫荽子 芫荽 莳萝

55. Carrot
Commercially, the most important member of Apiaceae is the Carrot
Root:
colours - white, yellow, orange, purple, deep purple
purple - anthocyanins
orange - carotenoids

56. Carrot

57. Carrot

58. Apiaceae - Carrots

59. Cucurbits Mainly food (few ornamental, utensils, feed, cosmetic)
瓜类蔬菜
Mainly annual, (few perennial)
Mainly food (few ornamental, utensils, feed, cosmetic)

60. Cucurbits Species Cucumis sativus - cucumber
C. melo - melon, cantaloupe (muskmelon)
C. anguria – Gherkin (West Indian Gherkin)
(Generally smallest fruit of C. sativus)
Citrullus lanatus - watermelon
Cucurbita spp.:
C. pepo, C. mixta, C. moschata, C. maxima
西印度香瓜
美洲南瓜
墨西哥南瓜
中国南瓜
印度南瓜

61. Cucurbits
Cucurbitacins - bitter taste, more a problem with temperature extremes
Nonfood:
Cucurbita pepo - ornamental gourds
Luffa cylindrica - sponge gourd, loofah
葫芦素
美洲南瓜 丝瓜

62. SALAD CROPS Family Asteraceae菊科

63. Asteraceae Lactuca sativa L. Cichorium endiva L. Cichorium intybus L.菊科
Lactuca sativa L.
Cichorium endiva L.
Cichorium intybus L.
Cynara scolymus L.
Cynara cardunculus L.
Lettuce
Endive
Chicory
Globe artichoke
Cardoon 菊苣
欧洲菊苣
朝鲜蓟
刺菜蓟

64. Asteraceae A very large family of more than 23,000 species
Annual or perennial herbs
Many are weeds
Many are wild flowers
A few are woody
Also flowers: aster(紫菀), marigold(万寿菊), calendula(金盏花), daisy(雏菊), chrysanthemum, dahlia, zinnia(鱼尾菊) + medicinal: Echinacea (紫锥菊) and yarrow (西洋蓍草)
Milk-like latex contained in tissues of Asteraceae (dandelion – rubber)

65. Salad Crops - Asteraceae
Speciality non-lettuce leafy salad crops include:
Arugula - from the mustard family, peanutty flavour, changing to spicy-hot (芝麻菜)
Sorrel - tart cool-weather, common in potato-based soups ( 酸模)
Chicory (菊苣)- several: radicchio, witloof (Belgian endive 比利时菊苣), can be bitter flavoured if too old
Corn salad - delicate nutty flavour 野苣
Oriental greens: members of the Asteraceae:
Mizuna (水菜), tatsoi (瓢儿菜)

66. Asteraceae Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) Endive (Cichorium endive L.)
欧洲菊苣 菊苣

67. Rosaceae – Rose family
Fruits
Ornamentals

68. 蔷薇科
苹果亚科
蔷薇亚科
梅亚科
榅桲属
苹果属 梨属
草莓属
悬钩子属 李属
唐棣属 枇杷 山楂
桃亚属
樱桃亚属 树莓

70. Grass family (Poaceae) - corn Lily family (Liliaceae) - lilies
MONOCOTS
Grass family (Poaceae) - corn
Lily family (Liliaceae) - lilies
Orchid family (Orchidaceae) - orchids

71. Family Poaceae sweet corn, popcorn, ornamental corn

72. Poaceae: Zea mays - corn

74. Family Amaryllidaceae Liliaceae (old name)

75. Amarillidaceae
A family of herbaceous, mainly perennial and bulbous flowering plants included in the monocot order Asparagales （天门冬目）. The family takes its name from the genus Amaryllis（ 朱顶红 ）, hence the common name of the amaryllis family
A large family of 79 plant genera and more than 6,500 species

76. Amarillidaceae Vegetables: Onion Shallots 葱 Chives 韭黄
Garlic and garlic chives 韭菜
Leek 韭葱
Florence fennel 甘茴香

77. Orchidaceae – orchid family
Orchids

78. ORCHIDS

79. ORCHIDS

80. Art/Science/Knowledge
Angiosperms
Art/Science/Knowledge
of Plant Biology
Questions ?