1. COLLEGE OF AGRIL. ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
FLOORS AND FLOORINGS
Submitted By : Miss. Abhilasha M. Borkar
Enroll. No. : BB-181
Title : Construction Technology
Course No. : FS-471
Submitted To : Dr. P.B. Kale Sir
Date : 13/07/2006
COLLEGE OF AGRIL. ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Dr. P.D.K.V., Akola.

2. Miss. Abhilasha M. Borkar
FLOORS AND FLOORINGS
Miss. Abhilasha M. Borkar
Ques. 1) What do we mean by floors and floorings?
Ans. : In order to subdivide the portion between the plinth level or basement level and floor level, the solid constructions are carried out, these solid constructions are known as floors and the exposed to surface of floors are termed as floorings.
Ground floors or basements which directly rest on the ground don’t require any special provision for floor but the floors on upper stories which are known as upper floor requires certain special provisions in order to have strength and stability while doing flooring like wooden base etc.

3. Classification of floors
Floors are broadly classified in two groups
Timber floors.
Composite floors.
1) Tiber floors: Those floors in which only timber is used as a material are known as timber floors.
2) Composite floors : Those floors, which are composed, of more than one material are known as the composite floors.
Ques. 3) On what factors in adoption of these floors depends?
Ans: The choice of particular floor is done considering the factors such as span, maximum load like to come on floor, speed required in construction, material and labor available, present and future use etc.

4. Types of timber floors.
The various kind of timber floors are
Basement or ground floor of timber
Single joist timber floors,
Double joist timber floors
Framed or triple joist timber floors
Basement or ground floor of timber.
a.  The sleeper walls, which may be of one half brick or one brick thickness, are constructed at center to center distance of 1.20 to 1.80 meters.
b.  On wall plates rest the ends of the bridging joists, which are usually provided at a center to center distance of about 30 cm .

6. Precautions while using ground floor of timber
The soil below the timber floor is covered with plain cement concrete 1:2:4 of thick 10 cm. to 15 cm.
The damp proof courses are provided in the exterior wall as well as on top of the sleeper walls.
The well seasoned timber is used in the construction of such floors.
The hollow space between the bottom of concrete and floor level is filled up with the selected earth.
Double joist timber floors
The binders are usually provided at center to center distance of 1.80 to 2.40 meters.
Suitable for span of 3.60 to 7.50 meters.

8. Connecting joists may be of two types
a)     Notched joint
b)     Cogged joint
In cogged joints the depth of sinking and bearing are respectively limited to two third of the depth of bridging joist and 25 mm.
In notched joint the timber pieces, known as fillets, are placed along the branders to support the bridging joists. It is considered better than cogged joint.
Farmed or triple joist timber floors.
Intermediate support known as girders are provided to binders.
Distance between girders from center to center is 3m.
This type of floor is suitable for span greater than 7.5 m

10. Features of Timber Floors
Some of the important features of the timber floors are as follows
Floor boards: Width varies from 10 mm to 20 mm and the thickness varies from 20 to 40 mm. For floors subjected to heavy traffic the thickness may be upto 60 mm to 80 mm.
Floor ceilings: It is used to make underside of the floor flat and to improve the appearance as a whole. It is made of plaster boards or sheets of asbestos cement or some suitable material.
Pugging: In order to make the timber floors sound proof the pugging may be resorted. Pugging is a mixture of chopped straw and mortar. The insulting boards supported on fillets are provided and the hollow space between the floorboards and insulating boards is filled with the pugging plaster.
Trimming: The trimming joists support one or two trimmer joists to which trimmed joists are fixed. The trimming joists have slightly greater section than the bridging joists.
Use of steel sections: Mild steel rolled steel joists can replace the binders and girders of wooden floors. The only precaution to be taken tin this case would be to encase the R.S.J. by concrete so as to prevent rusting of R.S.J.

11. Composite floors
Those floors, which are composed, of more than one material are known as the composite floors and they are found to poses following advantage over timber floors.
The composite floors resist fire in a better way and they are more sound proof than the timber floors.
The composite floors can be easily cleaned and hence, they possess better hygienic properties than the timber floors.
The composite floors can be conveniently adopted for greater spans.
Types of composite floor
Double flagstone floors
Filler joist floors
Jack arch floors
R.C.C. floors
Hollow block and rib floors

12. Double flagstone floors
a)  If span is about 4 meters, only rolled steel joists are provided.
b)  If span exceeds 4 meters, a framework consisting of rolled steel and beams is provided.
c)  The steel beams are placed at a distance of about 3 meters center to center and joists are placed at right angle to the beams.
d)  The flagstones of about 40 mm thickness and at suitable thickness are fixed on the lower flanges and upper flanges.
Filler Joist Floors
a)  The joists act as the reinforcement and are spaced at a center to center distance of 60 cm to 90 cm
b)  The concrete should completely surround the rolled steel joists and beams with a minimum cover of 25 mm over the filler joints.

15. Jack Arch Floors
a)     The joists are placed at a distance of about 80 cm to 120 cm center to center.
b)    The rich of arch should be 10 cm to 20 cm and minimum depth of concrete at the crown should be 15 cm.
c)     The only disadvantage of this type of floor as that it doesn’t give a plain ceiling surface.
R.C.C. Floors
a)     In this type of floors, the steel bars and concrete are used to form the floor.
b)     In case of R.C.C. slab, the thickness varies from 80 mm to 15 cm and the main reinforcement is generally in the form of the mild steel bars of diameters varying from 9 mm to 12 mm.
c)      Necessary R.C.C. beams are to be provided when the span of slab exceeds 4 m or so.

17. Hollow Block and Rib Floors
a)     In this type of floors of clay or concrete are used to reduce the total weight of the floor. In one form the blocks are placed 10 cm apart and in this space, the mild steel bars are placed.
b)     This type of floor is economical, fire proof, sound proof and light in weight. It can be used to carry heavy loads. Electrical installation can be carried out conveniently.
c)      The length width and height of structural tiles are from 45 cm or 90 cm, 19 cm or 24 cm and 70 mm or 90 mm respectively .

18. Factors Affecting Choice of Flooring Material
Appearance
Durability
Cleaning
Fire resistance
Comfort
Hardness
Cost
Maintenance
Damp resistance
Noise
Slipperness
Materials used for flooring
Asphalt
Moorum
Brick
Mud
Concrete
Plastic
Cork
Rubber
Glass
Stone
Linoleum
Terrazo
Magnesite
Tile
Marble
Timber