1. Jessie Damman Fundamentals of Public Health Concordia University
Air Quality
Jessie Damman
Fundamentals of Public Health
Concordia University

2. Epidemiology
Cause of the disease, rate of the disease, needs for medical and public health services and evaluation of effectiveness of medical and public health interventions
Schneider, M. (2011). Introduction to Public Health. Sudbury, Massachusetts: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.

3. Cause
Influences
Natural disasters (tornadoes, hurricanes, earthquakes, tsunami, floods, blizzard, forest fire)
Bioterrorism
Chemical Exposure
Globalization
Rapid Industrialization
Urbanization
Pesticides
Climate Change – Global Warming
Smith, K.R. (2002). Indoor Air; 12: 198–207. Blackwell Munksgaard.

4. Risk Factors Acute Respiratory Infections
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Lung Cancer
Cataracts
Tuberculosis
Asthma
Smith, K.R. (2002). Indoor Air; 12: 198–207. Blackwell Munksgaard.

5. Mortality and Morbidity
3 % mortality – Cardiopulmonary Disease
5 % mortality – Cancer of trachea, bronchus and lung
1 % mortality – Acute Respiratory Infections (children)
.8 million premature deaths (6.4 million years of life lost) - worldwide
World Health Organization. (2013). Priority Risks.

6. Rate China Ethiopia Guatemala Haiti Nicaragua
South Africa
Venezuela
Vietnam
2 million deaths in developing countries
3-7 hours of high exposure daily in developing countries
Bruce, N., Perez, R., and Albalak, R. (2000). Indoor air pollution in developing countries: a major environmental and public health challenge. Bulletin of the World Health Organization; 78:

7. Evaluation Hybrid Ecologic Study
Based upon hospitalizations and emergency room visits
Limitations
Measurement of exposure
Uniform exposure to air pollutants assumed
Etzel, R. & French, J. (1997). Air Pollution. Public Health Consequences of Disasters. New York: Oxford University Press

8. Biostatistics
Analysis of biological and medical data

9. Influential Factors Allow for development of priorities
Varies upon climate, material and disaster occurrence
Disease is measurable
Side effects disability factor related to expected life years
Health indicators
Environmental Trends
Environmental Data
Quantifying environmental health impacts
Environmental mapping system
Children environmental health indicators
Databases
Allow for development of priorities
Monitor progress or lack of
Establish standards and guidelines established for controlled pollution levels
World Health Organization. (2013). Priority Risks.

10. Linked to Water systems Disposal systems Deforestation
Natural or man-made disasters
World Health Organization. (2013). Priority Risks.

12. Environmental Hazards
Indoor Smoke – up to 1.6 million deaths/year
Poor Infrastructure/Water systems – over 1.2 million/year
Inner City air pollution – deaths/year
Exposure to poisons – 355,000 deaths worldwide/yearly
Climate change – over 150,000 deaths/yearly
World Health Organization. (2013). Priority Risks.

13. Biological Characteristics

14. Effects Concluded by weight of the air quality or air quality weight
Amount of exposure time
Cariou, S., Guillot, J.,Laurence P., Pascal K., and Faure, L. A global indicator as a tool to follow airborne molecular contamination in a controlled environment. Anal Bioanal Chem (2005) 381: 850–853

15. Molecular Characteristics

16. Pollutants – Particulate Matter
Dust
Fumes
Mist
Smoke
Gas
Vapor
Odor
Kjellstrom, T., Lodh, M., McMichael, T., Ranmuthugala, G., Shrestha, R., and Kingsland, S. (2012). Air and Water Pollution: Burden and Strategies for Control. Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries, pp

17. Pollutants - Condensation
Diesel exhaust
Coal
Fly ash
Wood smoke
Asbestos
Limestone
Cement
Pesticide mist
Kjellstrom, T., Lodh, M., McMichael, T., Ranmuthugala, G., Shrestha, R., and Kingsland, S. (2012). Air and Water Pollution: Burden and Strategies for Control. Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries, pp

18. Pollutants – Burning Fuel
Gasoline
Oil
Coal
Wood
Charcoal
Natural Solvents
Paints
Glues
Kjellstrom, T., Lodh, M., McMichael, T., Ranmuthugala, G., Shrestha, R., and Kingsland, S. (2012). Air and Water Pollution: Burden and Strategies for Control. Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries, pp

19. Caused by Motor Vehicles Industries Power stations
Kjellstrom, T., Lodh, M., McMichael, T., Ranmuthugala, G., Shrestha, R., and Kingsland, S. (2012). Air and Water Pollution: Burden and Strategies for Control. Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries, pp

20. Future Improvements Air Quality principles Minimize personal exposure
Restructure engines and fuel technology
Future Improvements
Genc, S. (2012). The adverse effects of air pollution on the nervous system. Journal of Toxicology, Volume 2012; Article

21. Social Characteristics

22. Factors Future Improvements Socioeconomic groups Race Outreach Gender
Marital Status
Income
Education
Occupational status
Outreach
Communities
Regulators
Legislators
Public Health Officials
Gilliand, F. Impact of air pollution on health. Environmental Impact. Ustun, A. (2006). Towards an estimate of the environmental burden of disease. Preventing disease through healthy environments. Geneva: World Health Organization

23. Behavioral Characteristics

24. Ecological Model Public Policy Ability to set guidelines and protocols
Factories
Sanitation
Car manufacturers
Disaster recovery
Education
Availability and Amount
Family/Friend/Work Influences
Values, beliefs, morals
Lifestyles as a child and adult
Making behavioral changes
Access to sanitation and disposal

25. Developing Countries
These countries are faced with adverse effects to basic living. Poor infrastructure, lack of resources, a reliable government and perpetuating the current way of living only worsens concerns around air pollution.

26. Proper housing infrastructure
Deficiencies in Haiti
Proper waste disposal
Proper housing infrastructure

27. Future of Air Quality
Public Health and Disease Prevention programs can be developed based upon beliefs in personal threat, response and personal efficacy and behaviors. Advocating for change can bring positive impacts to individual, community, and global air quality.

28. Work Cited

29. Bruce, N. , Perez, R. , and Albalak, R. (2000)
Bruce, N., Perez, R., and Albalak, R. (2000). Indoor air pollution in developing countries: a major environmental and public health challenge. Bulletin of the World Health Organization; 78:
Cariou, S., Guillot, J.,Laurence P., Pascal K., and Faure, L. A global indicator as a tool to follow airborne molecular contamination in a controlled environment. Anal Bioanal Chem (2005) 381: 850–853
Etzel, R. & French, J. (1997). Air Pollution. Public Health Consequences of Disasters. New York: Oxford University Press
Genc, S. (2012). The adverse effects of air pollution on the nervous system. Journal of Toxicology, Volume 2012; Article

30. Kjellstrom, T. , Lodh, M. , McMichael, T. , Ranmuthugala, G
Kjellstrom, T., Lodh, M., McMichael, T., Ranmuthugala, G., Shrestha, R., and Kingsland, S. (2012). Air and Water Pollution: Burden and Strategies for Control. Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries, pp
Schneider, M. (2011). Introduction to Public Health. Sudbury, Massachusetts: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.
Smith, K.R. (2002). Indoor Air; 12: 198–207. Blackwell Munksgaard.
World Health Organization. (2013). Priority Risks.