1. Solar Taurus 60 Gas Turbine
Industrial Resources, Inc. A Training Services Company
Solar Taurus 60 Gas Turbine
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2. SOLAR TAURUS 60 GAS TURBINE
This module contains information about the Solar Taurus 60 Gas Turbine used to generate electrical power. This includes the function and details about the Taurus 60 components and their operation. This training instructs operators and maintainers on the purpose and components of the Taurus 60 Gas Turbine and how to operate the system in a safe manner.
You should review each chapter objective. In doing so you will be better prepared to learn the required information. You should also inspect the equipment, identifying its components and characteristics. Should you have additional questions about the equipment, ask your supervisor.

3. General Description
The Taurus 60 is a two-shaft, completely integrated and self-contained prime mover combining high performance operation and rugged construction. Its primary functions are the generation of electricity and steam.
The Solar Taurus 60 Gas Turbine uses an axial-flow, 12-stage compressor with a compression ratio of 12.2:1. This compressed air is mixed with the fuel gas in the annular combustion chamber that uses 12 fuel injectors. The turbine section is broken down into the two (2)-stage Gas Producer Turbine, with a maximum speed of 15,000 rpm, that drives the Compressor, and the two (2)-stage Power Turbine, with a maximum speed of 14,300 rpm, that drives the generator load.

4. Performance Data Power (Rated) 5670 kWe Power (Actual) ~5000 kW
Heat Rate
10,830 Btu/kW-hr
Exhaust Flow
172,810 lb/hr
Exhaust Temperature
950oF
Steam Production
klb/hr
Axial Exhaust
Yes
SoLoNOx
This table shows the rated and operational performance data. While the Solar Taurus 60 is rated for 5,670 kilowatts, this unit typically operates around 5,000 kilowatts.

5. Adjusting Setpoints
The TT4000 Control System allows the operator to change Setpoints in the system. This allows the operator to adjust performance of the system to changing environmental or system conditions. The setpoint adjustment is completed on the Setpoint Change Window (Figure 1). This window is accessed by clicking on the Setpoint Hotspot on screens with that option. The screens with this option are:
Process Summary Screen
Generator Screen
Control System

6. Operation Icons Indicates that the equipment is operational Green Icon
Indicates that a Valve is OPEN
Red Icon
Indicates that the equipment is not operational
Indicates that a Valve is CLOSED
All equipment used in the Solar Taurus 60 Gas Turbine have icons in the TT4000 representing the equipment and its current state of operation.
Green icons generally indicate equipment that operational
Red icons generally indicate equipment that is off-line. Due to the automatic nature of this unit’s operation. The status of equipment and valves can change without notice. Use caution around equipment when this system is operational

7. Combustion Air Flow Path
Air Cooler
Air Intake and Filtration
Ducting to Compressor
Via Intake Guide Vanes
Combustion Air is taken from the Air Intake Assembly (Figure 1) through the compressor and into the Combustor where it is mixed with the Fuel Gas for combustion. Inlet air is filtered for particulates through 32 Cone and 32 Cylinder filter assemblies (Figure 2). The intake air is then cooled for improved engine performance. The three cooling coils use Chilled Water supplied by the Chilled Water System. The cooling coils are two (2)-pass coils, stacked within the flow path of the intake air (Figure 3). There is no regulation or control of the Chilled Water flow through the coils. There is chilled water flowing through the coolers whenever the Chilled Water System is operational. Typically, the Chilled Water Supply Temperature is approximately 42 degrees Fahrenheit and. the return water temperature is approximately 55 degrees Fahrenheit. Cooling also allows the removal of moisture from the incoming air. Roughly 25 percent of the compressed air developed is actually used for combustion and the remaining compressed air is used for cooling and other purposes within the Turbine Assembly.
A Differential Pressure Gauge (Figure 4) is used to determine when it is necessary to replace the filter assemblies.

8. Combustion Gas Flow Path
Fuel to Manifold Rings
Compressor
Combustion Chamber
Gas Producer and Power turbines
Filtered and Cooled Air From Combustion Air Intake
Combustion Gas to HRSG
Combustion Gas is the product of combustion in the Combustion Chamber. This gas flows from the combustion chamber and is directed first across the Gas Producer Turbine, which drives the Compressor, and then the Power Turbine, which drives the generator load. It is then sent to the exhaust to either be used to create steam in a Heat Recovery Steam Generator or sent as waste to atmosphere.

9. Engine Temperature Screen
Combustion Gas Temperature is measured at the Third Stage Nozzle and is designated T5. The temperatures are measured at this point due to the unreliability of thermocouples when exposed to the higher temperatures in the previous turbine stages. The Solar Taurus 60 uses the average of six (6) thermocouples to determine T5. The failure or deviation of any one (1) thermocouple is tolerable, however the failure or deviation of a second thermocouple will trip the system. The T5 Thermocouple Actual Temperatures and T5 Average Temperature are displayed on the Engine Temperature screen (Figure 5). This screen shows graphic and numeric displays of each thermocouples temperature as well as the T5 Average and T5 setpoint. Also displayed are the T1 (Suction) Temperature, and Compensator Setting in Delta degrees Fahrenheit.

10. Secondary Fuel Shutoff
Emergency Shutoff
Valve
Fuel Filter
Primary Fuel Shutoff
Secondary Fuel Shutoff
Torch
Main Fuel Control Valve
Pilot Fuel Control Valve
Coalescing Filter
Torch Regulator
Vent Valve
Flow Meter
Fuel Gas flows into the Gas Turbine from the main supply line from Sierra Southwest Gas. Fuel Gas flows to the Coalescing Filter Separator (Figure 7), which removes particulates and moisture from the supplied Fuel Gas, a Flow Meter (Figure 8), and then to the Gas Turbine through an Emergency Shutoff Valve (Figure 9).
Fuel Gas supplied for the gas turbine enters the turbine area at ~260 psi, passes a line filter, the Primary and Secondary Shutoff Valves, and is split to supply the main manifold, the pilot manifold, and the Torch supply. The pilot Supply is regulated based on demand by valve EGF345. Since the Pilot Fuel is used in the SoLoNOx System, the pilot is active when the SoLoNOx system is active. Main Fuel Supply is regulated to a varying pressure based on engine demand by the Main Gas Control Valve (EGF388). The Torch Regulator (340-1) activates the Torch at Lightoff and when a flame is established, shuts it off. A feedback indication of actual Control Valve position is shown on the Fuel Control Valve Display.

11. Enclosure Air
Enclosure Air is drawn into the enclosure to aid in cooling and preventing combustible gas buildup within the enclosure. It is drawn in through a filtration enclosure that uses filter assemblies impregnated with mineral oil to trap particulates and contaminates. There is a total of four (4) filter assemblies (Figure 9) in the enclosure air intake. Differential pressure is measured to determine when it is necessary to replace the filters. There are also two (2) Enclosure Air Exhaust Vents.

12. Comp and Turbine Bearings
Lube Oil Tank ~
TCV901-1
PCV901-1
Gen Bearings
Comp and Turbine Bearings
Lube Oil Pumps
Vent
Duplex Filters
Main
Pre Post
Backup
Lube Oil System
During normal operation Lube Oil flows from the shaft-driven Main Lube Oil Pump to the Lube Oil Cooler. A Pressure Control Valve (PCV901) protects the Shaft-Driven Pump from loss of flow due to low pressure in the system. The line through Lube Oil Cooler includes a Temperature Control Valve to control the Lube Oil temperature out of the cooler and allows the cooler to be bypassed, if not needed. The Lube Oil then flows to the Duplex Lube Oil Filter. From the filter the Lube Oil flows through the Lube Oil Header to the rotating parts in the following order:
Turbine End
Compressor End
Generator Drive End
Generator Exciter End
After oil passes through each of the rotating part feeds it passes through sight glasses on the returns for easy monitoring of the flow out of each of the feeds. The Lube Oil then returns to the Lube Oil Tank to continue the process.
When starting or rolling down, the Pre/Post Lube Oil Pump is in operation. The flow path for this pump is essentially the same as the Main Pump except that the Pre/Post Pump bypasses the Lube Oil Cooler. The Backup Oil Pump Flow is the same as the Pre/Post Lube Oil Pump
The Lube Oil Tank also includes a Vent Demister and Flame Arrestor to vent off any moisture that was trapped in the Lube Oil. Returning oil is agitated to release the moisture and the positive pressure created within the tank forces the moisture out of the vent. The Lube Oil would not normally vent out and any indication that Lube Oil is venting is a warning of possible problems within the system that should be investigated immediately.

13. Fuel Gas System Control
The Fuel System Screen (Figure 12) on the TT4000 Controller shows the overall Fuel Gas Pressure and Flow conditions and the commanded and actual positions of the Main Fuel Control Valves. During normal operation the expected flow is approximately 3,300 pounds per hour and the expected fuel Gas Pressure is approximately 265 psig.
In the event of a Gas Turbine Trip, it is expected that valves (Torch Supply), 341-1/342-1 (Primary and Secondary Fuel Shutoff Valves), 345 (Pilot Control), and 388 (Main Fuel Control) will all close and valve (Vent Valve) will open to evacuate fuel gas trapped between the primary and secondary shutoff valves to atmosphere.
Primary and Secondary Fuel Shutoff Valves
Main Fuel Control Valve

14. Fuel Gas System Control
The Gas Fuel Detail Screen (Figure 13) displays the details about the Gas Fuel, including the following:
Actual Fuel Gas Flow
Fuel Gas Supply Pressure
Gas Valve Check Pressure
Control Pressure
Control Temperature
Engine Maximum Fuel
Engine Fuel Control Demand
Engine Minimum Fuel
Engine T1 Temperature
Engine Gas Producer PCD (Compressor Discharge Pressure)
Engine Gas Producer PCD #1
Engine Gas Producer PCD #2
Ignitor Torch Status (ON/OFF)
Ignitor Gas Torch Valve Command (OPEN/CLOSED)
Main Fuel Control Valve Status (Enabled/Disabled)
Main Fuel Valve Command Position (Percent)
Main Fuel Valve Feedback Position (Percent)
Main Fuel Control Valve Discharge Pressure
Main Fuel Control Valve Discharge Pressure #1
Main Fuel Control Valve Discharge Pressure #2
Pilot Fuel Control Valve Status (Enabled/Disabled)
Pilot Fuel Valve Command Position (Percent)
Pilot Fuel Valve Feedback Position (Percent)
Pilot Fuel Control Valve Discharge Pressure
Pilot Fuel Control Valve Discharge Pressure #1
Pilot Fuel Control Valve Discharge Pressure #2
SoLoNOx Mode (Active/Inactive)
SoLoNOx Gas Fuel Pilot Ratio Setpoint (Percent)

15. Lube Oil System
The Lube Oil System provides lubrication to the rotating parts of the Gas Turbine. The following components make up the Lube Oil System:
Oil Tank
Main Lube Oil Pump
Pre/Post Lube Oil Pump
Backup Lube Oil Pump
Duplex Lube Oil Filters
Pressure Regulator
Temperature Regulator
Lube Oil Cooler
The Main Lube Oil Pump is driven by the Turbine and is integral to the Accessory Gear Box. It is in operation when the unit is above Starter Dropout Speed.
The Pre/Post Lube Oil Pump (Figure 14) operates during startup and roll down of the Gas Turbine and maintains Lube Oil flow in the event of a Turbine Trip or failure of the Main Lube Oil Pump. The unit trips on Main Lube Oil Pump failure and the Pre/Post Pump maintains flow during that roll down. This pump is an AC Motor driven pump, but it is not capable of maintaining the Lube Oil pressure and flow during full load operation.

16. Lube Oil System
The Backup Lube Oil Pump (Figure 14) will maintain the Lube Oil flow in the event of the failure of both the Main and Pre/Post Lube Oil Pumps. It is a DC Motor driven pump.

17. Lube Oil Cooler
The Lube Oil Cooler (Figure 15) is a Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger that takes lube oil from the Main Lube Oil Pump and cools it before it is filtered and sent to the Bearings and other Gas Turbine components. The water for lube oil cooling comes from the Campus Chilled Water Supply Header and the water is sent back to the Return header after cooling the lube oil. The Lube Oil is passed through the tube side of the cooler and the Chilled Water is passed through the Shell side.

18. Lube Oil Duplex Filters
The Lube Oil Filters (Figure 15) are duplex oil filters with a 10-micron filtering capacity. The filters can be switched over during operation of the Gas Turbine using the switching lever mounted between the filter assemblies. To complete a switchover, the filters must be equalized using the equalize valve. Once equalized, the filters are switched and the equalizer valve is closed. When switching the filters, the differential pressure gauge should show a lower differential pressure.

19. Lube Oil Level Sight Glass
During unit operation the Lube Oil Tank level is monitored at sight glass gauges (Figure 17) located on the outside of the skid at tank level. Three (3) plates mark the Maximum, Normal, and Minimum Operating Levels for the Lube Oil System.

20. Lube Oil System Control
Lube Oil System information and control is through the TT4000 System in the control room or at the local TT4000 panel on the turbine skid. The Lube Oil System Screen (Figure 18) shows the status of the Lube Oil Pumps (Running/Stopped) and the Temperatures and Pressures throughout the system. This includes the Differential Pressure at the Duplex Lube Oil Filters. Lube Oil data are also available on the Engine Summary Screen (Figure 19). The data presented there are:
Lube Oil Header Temperature (Degrees Fahrenheit)
Lube Oil Header Pressure (psig)
Lube Oil Tank Temperature (Degrees Fahrenheit)
Lube Oil Tank Pressure (inches of water)
Tank Heater Status (ON/OFF)
Oil Filter Differential Pressure (psid)
Lube Oil Backup Pump Status (ON/OFF)
Lube Oil Pre/Post Pump Status (ON/OFF)
Post Lube Oil Time Remaining (Minutes)
The Lube Oil System maintains a Lube Oil Pressure of approximately 50 psig and a Lube Oil Temperature of approximately 150 degrees Fahrenheit at the outlet of the Lube Oil Cooler.

21. Enclosure Monitoring
The Enclosure Monitoring System is designed to ensure that the Enclosure is properly ventilated. This prevents the buildup of combustible and toxic gases within the compartment and provides for the safety of personnel and protection of equipment.
The Enclosure Summary Screen (Figure 19) provides the following information in numeric and graphic formats:
Enclosure Exhaust Gas Sensor (Percent of Lower Explosive Limit (LEL))
T1 Temperature
Enclosure Inlet Gas Sensor (Percent of LEL)
Enclosure Temperature in Degrees Fahrenheit)
Enclosure Pressure in in of H2O
Enclosure Purge Time in seconds
Fire System Status
Fuel Area Gas Sensors
Gas Sensor 1 in Percent of LEL
Gas Sensor 2 in Percent of LEL
Fire Suppression System Primary and Secondary Vent Valve Status
Valve to Vent or Valve to Enclosure Highlighted
INLET AND EXHAUST GAS SENSORS WILL PREVENT START OR TRIP UNIT IF CONCENTRATION OF GAS IS TOO HIGH

22. Engine Vibration Monitoring
Vibrations occur within the Taurus 60 Gas Turbine at all times during operation. They become a concern when the vibrations become excessive. This is usually an indication of incorrect alignments or component failure. Vibrations are monitored within the Taurus 70 and displayed on the following screens:
Engine Vibration
Generator Vibration
Advanced Vibration
The Engine Vibration screen (Figure 19) shows the following information in numeric and graphic form:
Bearing #1, #2, and #3 X and Y Vibrations mil pp and Gap Vdc
GP Axial displacement and Gap Voltage
Bearing Locations
Lube Header Pressure and Temperature

23. Generator Vibration Monitoring
The Generator Vibration Screen (Figure 20) shows the following information in numeric and graphic form:
Driven End Velocity (in/s rms)
Exciter End Velocity (in/s rms)
Gearbox Acceleration (g rms)
Lube Header Pressure and Temperature
Bearing Locations

24. Advanced Vibration Monitoring Screen
The Advanced Vibration Screen (Figure 21) depicts the vibrations of the unit within certain frequency bands and an overall vibration summary. This display is in bar graph form and displays the following:
Overall Vibrations (psi rms)
Band 0 (10 – 100 Hz)
Band 1 (100 – 250 Hz)
Band 2 (250 – 750 Hz)
Band 3 (750 – 1000 Hz)

25. Gas Turbine Operation
The operation Sequence screen provides information on the startup sequence and indicates the current status of that sequence. During the startup sequence, the screen begins by highlighting the Ready to Start indicator. This tells the operators that the system is ready to start and the START button can be pressed to start the unit.
Once the START button has been pressed the unit will then proceed into the pre-start pre-crank phase. This ensures that the rotors will turn and are able to continue with a normal startup.
The Lube Pump Check jogs the Lube Oil Pumps, ensuring they are able to run. The Enclosure Purge is performed to ensure there are no combustibles in the enclosure. Gas valves are jogged during the gas valve check, ensuring they are operational and receiving commands from the TT4000.
The unit is run on Purge Crank to draw air through the Gas Turbine, purging the Compressor, Combustion Chambers, and the Turbines of combustibles. Ignition phase opens the Main and Pilot Gas Control Valves and provides the Torch to light off the Gas Turbine. Unsuccessful light-offs result in the unit returning to the purge phase to try again. A second unsuccessful lightoff results in a Turbine Trip.
Once the unit successfully lights off, it begins rolling up to the full speed point for closure of the Field and Generator Breakers. This applies the load to the Generator and the unit is then in the Running and On-Load phase. The unit is now operated based on the load requirements and fuel commands to the Main Gas Valve are directed by the load and not engine speed.

26. Operation Summary
The Operation Summary Screen (Figure 24) displays the current data relative to operation of the Gas Turbine and the power produced at the Generator.
The key feature of this screen is that the operator can determine overall operation of the Gas Turbine and Generator at a glance, since this screen mimics information from other screens.
The information available on this screen includes:
Operation Sequence – Shows the Gas Turbine’s current standing in the operation sequence. This information mimics the Operation Sequence Screen and information displayed during a Start or Normal Operation Sequence is:
Shutdown Not Ready to Start
Pre-Start Pre-Crank
Lube Pump Check
Enclosure Purge
Gas Valve Check
Purge Crank
Ignition
Running
Acceleration
Ready to Load
On-Load
Information displayed during a Stop Sequence is:
Shutdown Initiated
Stopping
Cooldown
Post Lube
Slow Roll

27. Operation Summary
Fuel Control Mode – This information indicates the mode of operation controlling fuel flow to the Gas Turbine. This is the mode controlling the position of the Main Fuel Supply Valve. During Normal Operation, the Fuel Control Mode is T5 Mode, which controls fuel flow based on maintaining the setpoint temperature at the Third Stage Nozzle (T5 Temperature).
SoLoNOx Mode – Indicates the condition of the SoLoNOx emissions system.
Engine Status – This section indicates the following:
T1 Temperature
Compressor Discharge Pressure (PCD)
T5 Average Temperature
Gas Producer Speed (NGP)
Generator Power Status – Indicates the power being produced by the Generator.
Real Power - The amount of power produced that is available for the users
Apparent Power – The amount of power actually produced
Reactive Power – The amount of power produced that is not available to the user. The Electric Grid is designed so that there should always be some reactive power in the system.
Power Factor – The ratio of apparent and real power. Shows the amount of the produced power that is available to the user.
A graphic display compares the generator power (Frequency, Voltage, and Current) in relation to the bus power (Frequency and Voltage). This information is vital when synchronizing the Generator to the Bus.
The Operation Summary Screen also has links to the following:
Enclosure Summary Screen
Process Summary Screen
Engine Summary Screen
Operation Sequence Screen
Control System Screen

28. The End
This concludes this presentation. If you have further questions about the Taurus 60 or it operation, contact your supervisor or training manager