1. The Civil War Begins 1861–1862

2. Chapter 16: The Civil War Begins, 1861–1862
Essential Question
What events, leaders, and strategies shaped the early years of war?
Why It Matters Now
The Civil War deepened sectional divisions and created long-lasting hostility between North and South.

3. The Civil War Begins, 1861–1862
After more Southern states joined the Confederacy, fighting began on Confederate territory. Both the Union and the Confederacy won important victories in the first years of the war.

4. War Erupts Key Ideas Before, you learned
Southern states seceded from the Union after the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860.
Now you will learn
After more Southern states joined the Confederacy, fighting began on Confederate territory.

5. War Erupts TERMS AND NAMES
Fort Sumter — Union fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina
Confederacy — nation formed by Southern states
Robert E. Lee — Confederate general, commander of the Army of Northern Virginia
border states — slave states that bordered states in which slavery was illegal
Anaconda Plan — Union strategy to defeat the Confederacy
First Battle of Bull Run — first major battle of the Civil War
Thomas J. Jackson — Confederate general at Bull Run

6. First Shots at Fort Sumter
Key Question
What did Lincoln do about the forts in Confederate territory?
THINK ABOUT
Lincoln sent supply ships to Fort Sumter, did not give in to Confederacy
why did Lincoln call for a 90-day militia to put down the uprising? What is an uprising?
Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas joined Confederacy

7. Preparing For Battle Key Question
What strategy did each side hope to pursue?
THINK ABOUT
how was rich and populous Virginia important to the Confederacy? What does populous mean?
South: defend and drag out war; hope for foreign aid; few invasions
North: blockade ports; take Mississippi, split South; capture Richmond

8. First Battle of Bull Run
Key Question
Why was the Union surprised by the outcome of Bull Run?
THINK ABOUT
spectators joined Union forces going to Manassas, expected easy victory
Confederates won; 2,700 Union and 2,000 Confederate soldiers died
Lincoln called for volunteer army of 500,000 for three years

9. Life in the Army Key Ideas Before, you learned
The Civil War began on Confederate territory.
Now you will learn
Army life and new technology brought unexpected hardships to millions of soldiers.

10. Life in the Army TERMS AND NAMES the Monitor — Union ironclad ship
the Merrimack — Confederate ironclad ship, later renamed the Virginia

11. Civilians Become Soldiers
Key Question
Why did so many volunteer to fight?
THINK ABOUT
why did African Americans enlist in the Union army? What does enlist mean?
some volunteered from loyalty; some sought excitement, glory
some wanted to escape factory, farm; some needed money

12. A New Kind of War Key Question
How was the Civil War different from previous conflicts?
THINK ABOUT
rifles with minié balls, grenades increased casualties
mounted charges and assaults ineffective; trench warfare developed
railroads moved soldiers and supplies quickly

13. No End in Sight Key Ideas Before, you learned
The Union defeat at the Battle of Bull Run shocked the North.
Now you will learn
Both the Union and the Confederacy won important victories in the first years of the war.

14. No End in Sight TERMS AND NAMES
George McClellan — commander of Union army in the east
Ulysses S. Grant — Union general who won battles in the west
Battle of Shiloh — bloody battle in Tennessee won by Grant
William Tecumseh Sherman — Union general at Battle of Shiloh
David Farragut — Union naval commander who captured New Orleans
Seven Days’ Battles — Confederate victory in Virginia, during which Lee stopped Union campaign against Richmond
Battle of Antietam — battle in Maryland that ended Lee’s first invasion of the North

15. Union Victories in the West
Key Question
In 1862, how close did the Union come to achieving its goals?
THINK ABOUT
1861, McClellan trained Union army in East, but did not attack Richmond
1862, Grant took control of Tennessee and Cumberland rivers
Union victory at Shiloh left staggering casualties on both sides

16. Southern Success in the East
Key Question
In 1862, how close did the South come to victory?
THINK ABOUT
Seven Days’ Battles force Northern army to retreat from Richmond
Confederates won second battle at Bull Run, regained confidence
Lee invaded Maryland—hoped to pressure North, relieve South, win allies