1. The Civil War Begins,
1861–1862
The Civil War begins and develops into a stalemate during the first two years.
Both Union and Confederate soldiers suffer many
hardships.
Portrait of Abraham Lincoln taken around the time he wrote the Gettysburg Address (1863).
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2. The Civil War Begins, 1861–1862 SECTION 1 War Erupts SECTION 2
Life in the Army
SECTION 3
No End in Sight
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3. Section 1
War Erupts
The secession of the Southern states quickly lead to armed conflict between the North and the South.
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4. War Erupts First Shots at Fort Sumter 1
SECTION
War Erupts
First Shots at Fort Sumter
• Southern states take over most federal forts within their borders
• Federal troops hold Fort Sumter, harbor of Charleston, South Carolina
• Abraham Lincoln decides to send supply ships to Fort Sumter
• Confederates attack fort before supplies arrive, start Civil War
Image
• U.S. troops defend fort for 34 hours, then surrender
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5. Lincoln Calls Out the Militia1
SECTION
Lincoln Calls Out the Militia
• President Lincoln asks states for militiamen to put down uprising
• In the upper South, state leaders refuse request
• Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas join Confederacy
• Volunteers rush to enlist in both North and South
• Confederate capital is moved to Richmond, Virginia (May, 1861)
• Robert E. Lee becomes commanding general of Northern Virginia
Image
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6. 1
SECTION
Choosing Sides
• Border states—slave states that border states in which slavery illegal
• Include Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri
• Maryland stays in Union, keeps Washington D.C. within the Union
• Kentucky, Missouri, Delaware stay in Union
• Western counties, Virginia break away, form Union state, West Virginia
• 24 states make up the Union, 11 states join the Confederacy
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7. Strengths and Weaknesses1
SECTION
Strengths and Weaknesses
• North has 22 million people, South has 9 million people
• 85 percent of nation’s factories located in the North
Map
• North has more railroad mileage, all the naval power, shipyards
• Union has great leader, President Abraham Lincoln
Continued . . .
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8. • Confederacy has able generals 1
SECTION
Continued Strengths and Weaknesses
• Confederacy has able generals
• Union supply lines will have to stretch far to invade the South
• Confederates defending homes, have more will to fight than invaders
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9. The Confederate Strategy1
SECTION
The Confederate Strategy
• Confederacy takes defensive position, does not want to conquer North
• Uses King Cotton to win foreign support, withholds cotton exports
• Hopes to force Britain, France to aid the Confederates
• Europeans have cotton surplus, don’t want to get involved
• South becomes offensive, tries for big victories to demoralize North
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10. The Union Strategy 1 • North develops offensive strategy
SECTION
The Union Strategy
• North develops offensive strategy
• General Winfield Scott’s Anaconda Plan—smother the South’s economy
• Use naval blockade of South’s coastline
• Blockade— armed forces stop goods, people into or out of an area
• Gain control of the Mississippi River, split Confederacy in two
• Scott’s plan takes time, Lincoln decides to invade Virginia (1861)
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11. 1
SECTION
Battle of Bull Run
• Confederates defeat Union troops at First Battle of Bull Run (1861)
Image
• Victory thrills South, North has underestimated their opponent
• Lincoln sends militia home, calls for real army of 500,000 volunteers
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12. Life in the Army Section 2
Both Union and Confederate soldiers endure many hardships serving in the army during the Civil War.
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13. Life in the Army Those Who Fought 2
SECTION
Life in the Army
Those Who Fought
• Most Civil War soldiers are between 18 and 30 years of age
Image
• Most soldiers are farmers, majority are born in U.S.
• Some immigrants serve, most are from Germany, Ireland
• African Americans want to fight, not accepted in North, South armies
• Later, North accepts African Americans into its ranks
Continued . . .
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14. • Most Civil War soldiers are volunteers, they volunteer to: 2
SECTION
Continued Those Who Fought
• Most Civil War soldiers are volunteers, they volunteer to:
- escape boredom of factory, farm work
- join friends, neighbors
- seek adventure, glory
- get recruitment money
- show loyalty to country, state
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15. Turning Civilians into Soldiers2
SECTION
Turning Civilians into Soldiers
• After enlisting, a soldier is sent to training camp, usually lives in tent
Image
• Follows training schedule, gets uniform, clothing often poor quality
• At camp, soldiers get plenty of food; in the field, get limited food
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16. 2
SECTION
Hardships of Army Life
• Civil War soldiers in field, often wet, cold, live in crude shelters
Image
• Camps are unsanitary, soldiers often go for weeks without bathing
• Results in poor hygiene—conditions, practices that promote health
Image
• Causes widespread sicknesses
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17. Changes in Military Technology2
SECTION
Changes in Military Technology
• Weapons improve, results in:
- higher casualty rate
- battle tactics change
• Use rifles—guns with grooved barrel, cause bullets to spin
• Minié ball—bullet with hollow base
• Rifles using minié balls shoot farther, more accurately than muskets
Continued . . .
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18. • Ironclads—warships covered with iron, better than wooden warships2
SECTION
Continued Changes in Military Technology
• Ironclads—warships covered with iron, better than wooden warships
• First ironclad battle off coast of Virginia (1862) includes:
- Confederate Virginia (Merrimack)
- Union Monitor
Image
• After about four hours, battle ends in a draw
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19. Section 3
No End in Sight
In the first two years of the war, neither side gains a decisive victory over the other.
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20. No End in Sight Union Victories in the West 3
SECTION
No End in Sight
Union Victories in the West
• Ulysses S. Grant, Union general in the West
Image
• Grant’s forces capture two Confederate river forts in Tennessee
• Residents of Nashville flee, Union troops march into Nashville (1862)
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21. 3
SECTION
The Battle of Shiloh
• Union army fights Confederate army at Battle of Shiloh (1862)
Interactive
• Union troops are lead by Ulysses S. Grant
• Confederate commanding general Albert S. Johnston is killed
• Fresh Union troops arrive, South retreats
• 13,000 Union soldiers are killed, 11,000 Confederates are killed
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22. 3
SECTION
The Fall of New Orleans
• Admiral David Farragut, Union fleet capture New Orleans
• Union controls most of the Mississippi River
• Confederates control stretch of river near their fort at Vicksburg
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23. Lee Claims Victories in the East3
SECTION
Lee Claims Victories in the East
• General George McClellan, Union troops attempt to capture Richmond
• Confederate Jeb Stuart, cavalry (soldiers on horseback) spy McClellan
Image
• Report size of Union army, Robert E. Lee’s army attacks Union army
• Both sides clash for a week
• Confederates defeat Union army at Seven Days’ Battles (1862)
• Lee ends the Union threat in Virginia
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24. 3
SECTION
Lee Invades the North
• General Lee, troops invade Maryland (September 1862)
• Several reasons for taking war to the North:
- hopes victory in North will force President Lincoln to talk peace
- gives Virginia farmers a rest from war during harvest
- Confederates could plunder Northern
farmers for food
- hopes invasion will convince Britain, France to aid Confederacy
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25. 3
SECTION
Bloody Antietam
• General McClellan’s army fights Lee’s army, Battle of Antietam (1862)
Image
• After 1 day, neither side gains ground, 25,000 men are killed, wounded
• Lee’s crippled army retreats into Virginia, McClellan fails to pursue
• President Lincoln fires McClellan
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