1. The History of Health Care
Principles of Health Science

2. Think about some of your family’s home remedies for illnesses.
Example: drinking hot tea with lemon for a sore throat

3. How effective are these home remedies?
How safe do you think these remedies are?

4. Primitive Times: 4000-3000 BC Average person’s life span was 20 yrs.
Humans believed that supernatural spirits (such as demons) caused illness and diseases & only way to heal was for a tribal witch doctor to perform ceremonies
Trepanation:
Boring a hole in the skull to treat epilepsy, headaches, and insanity.

5. Primitive Times Herbs and plants were used as medicine such as:
Digitalis (heart)
Belladonna & Atropine (muscle spasms)
Morphine (pain)

6. Think for a moment about this question and then we will discuss with our table partners:
If you had a stomach ache and chills during Primitive Times, would you tell someone? Why or why not?

7. Ancient Egyptians: 3000 BC-300 BC
Average life span yrs.
Earliest humans to keep accurate health records
Called upon the gods to heal them when faced with diseases
Physicians were priests who studied medicine and surgery in temple medical schools
First to practice embalming and used leeches

8. Ancient Egyptians: Imhotep was believed to be the first physician.

9. Ancient Chinese: 1700 BC-220 Ad
Average life span yrs.
Had an inadequate knowledge of the body structure due to the prohibiting of dissection (it was against their religion)
Were the first to use acupuncture.

11. Ancient Greek Medicine (1200BC-200BC)
Average life span yrs.
Greeks are the first to study the cause of diseases & illnesses
Research helped eliminate superstitions
Believed that unsanitary practices were associated with the spread of disease

12. Ancient Greek Medicine
Hippocrates is called the father of medicine
Developed an organized way to observe the human body without dissection
took careful notes of signs/symptoms of diseases
Created a high standard of ethics the “Hippocratic Oath” which is the basis for today’s medical ethics

14. Ancient Roman Medicine (753BC-410AD)
Average life span yrs.
Beginning of public health and sanitation systems
Aquaducts to carry clean water to the cities and sewers to carry away waste
Public baths with filtering systems to help prevent disease

15. Ancient Romans

16. Ancient Roman sewer system

17. Dark Ages ( A.D.)
Average life span yrs.
Study of medicine prohibited
Life and death basically in God’s hands

18. Middle Ages (800-1400 A.D.) Life span 20 to 35 years
Physicians begin studying at medical universities
Terrible epidemic
Bubonic plague which killed ¾ of Europe & Asia’s population

19. Bubonic plaque (black death): caused by rodents and bacteria

20. Middle Ages ( A. D.)
Realization that diseases are contagious
Quarantine laws passed
Arabs begin requiring that physicians pass exams and obtain licenses to practice

22. Renaissance Medicine (1350-1650 A.D.)
Average life span yrs.
Universities and medical schools for research become well known, such as Oxford & Cambridge in England
First anatomy book is published by Andrew Vesalius
Invention of the printing press

23. Renaissance Medicine (1350-1650 A.D.)
Better understanding of anatomy and physiology is due to dissections of the body
Artists Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci used dissection in order to draw the human body more realistically
Circulatory system in the lungs is learned

25. 16th & 17th Century Average life span 35-45 yrs.
Fallopian tubes and tympanic membrane in the ear discovered by Gabriel Fallopius

26. Microscope invented by Anton van Leewenjoek
William Harvey described blood circulation in the heart
Eustachian tube discovered (tube from ear to throat)

27. 18th Century: 1700-1799 Average life span 40-50 yrs.
Edward Jenner developed the smallpox vaccination
Joseph Priestly discovered the element oxygen
Gabriel Fahrenheit created first mercury thermometer

28. 18th Century Benjamin Franklin invented bifocals
John Hunter, an English surgeon, established scientific surgical procedures, introduced tube feedings

30. What is infection control, and have you practiced any infection control today?

31. 19th Century: 1800-1899 Average life span 40-60 yrs. Ignaz Semmelweiss
His research led to the importance of hand washing to avoid spread of pathogens
Louis Pasteur
discovered that microorganisms cause disease, pasteurizing milk kills bacteria, and created rabies vaccine

32. 19th Century
Joseph Lister was the first doctor to use antiseptic during surgery to prevent infections
Robert Koch is called the Father of Microbiology because he identified the germ causing TB

33. 19th Century:
Wilhelm Roentgen discovered Roentgenograms (X-rays)
First successful blood transfusion was performed
Stethoscope was invented 1819
Anesthesia such as nitrous oxide, ether, and chloroform was discovered

34. 19th Century Clara Barton founded the American Red Cross in 1881.
Florence Nightingale started the professional education of nurses.
This opened the first nursing school and established sanitary nursing units during Crimean War

35. 20th Century: 1900-1999 First kidney transplant 1950’s
First successful heart transplant 1968
First liver transplant 1963
Crick and Watson described DNA structure and how it carries genetic info 1953

36. 20th Century Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin
Jonas Salk discovered the polio vaccine
Sigmund Freud: His studies formed the basis for psychology and psychiatry

37. 20th Century Birth control was approved by the FDA in the 60’s.
First artificial heart implant 1982
First test tube baby (Louise Brown) was born in England in the 1970’s.
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) was identified as a disease in the 1980’s.
A sheep was cloned 1997
Average human lifespan is 60
to 70 years

38. What 20th century discovery in medicine do you think was the most important? Why?
What medical discovery are you most hopeful to see by the year 2020?