1. Transformation of Surgery c.1845 - 1918
Role of Science and Technology

2. Science and Technology
Getting you thinking…
What is the difference between science and technology?
What are the links between the two?
Think, pair, share…

3. Learning Objectives
To understand how science and technology have impacted on the development of surgery
To explain how the factors of war, science, technology and individual people interact to develop surgery.
To evaluate which factor had the most important impact on the development of surgery.

4. Definitions
Science: Practical and theoretical exploration of how the universe is structured and functions.
Technology: The implementation of ideas to aid the development of human life.
Which came first?

5. Science and Technology
You have been given a cut and stick activity where you need to identify which developments are from science and which are due to technology.
Science
Technology

6. Science
Technology
Improved the understanding of anatomy. This helped surgeons and allowed them to do more complex operations.
X-rays were discovered by Wilhelm Roentgen in Within 10 years X-ray machines were installed at many hospitals.
Experiments were undertaken to find the most effective anaesthetic.
Equipment was developed to deliver anaesthetics and help measure the dose.
Pasteur’s Germ Theory helped people understand how microbes caused the spread on infection.
Carbolic Spray, steam sterilised instruments and sterilised catgut (for stitches) helped reduce infection.
Knowledge of chemistry helped to develop techniques for storing blood to use in transfusions
The invention of the hypodermic needle in 1853 made it possible to measure an injection of a drug or the withdrawal of blood.

7. Building on your explanation
Although these sentences begin to explain why science and technology aid the development of surgery, they can be further explained.
TASK 1: Look back at your table. Select one example from each column, then expand on its explanation.
For example: Experiments were undertaken to find the most effective anaesthetic. This meant that patients would be less likely to die from shock and increased their chances of survival.
TASK 2: Explain the link between two events, one from science, one from technology.

8. X Rays: Science or Technology
How could X-Rays be seen as both science and technology?
How could X-Rays aid the further development of scientific knowledge.

9. Learning Objectives
To understand how science and technology have impacted on the development of surgery
To explain how the factors of war, science, technology and individual people interact to develop surgery.
To evaluate which factor had the most important impact on the development of medicine.

10. The role of individuals
During this paper you have learnt about a number of individuals who have been responsible for developments in medicine.
TASK: Under the heading ‘The Role of Individuals’ list as many people you can think of that have aided the development of surgery.

11. Match the person to their contribution.
Individual
Contribution
Ignaz Semmelweis
Their use of chloroform in childbirth led to an increase in its popularity.
Hannah Greener
His persistent desire to reduce the spread of infection led to different techniques to kill bacteria.
Louis Pasteur
The death of his friend led to his ideas about the spread of infection.
Kate Dickens and Queen Victoria
The discovery of different blood groups meant that blood transfusions were now possible.
Joseph Lister
Through work on discovering what made beer go bad, he realised that micro-organisms led to disease.
Karl Landsteiner
His experimenting with the of the use of chloroform meant that it was used as an anaesthetic.
James Simpson
Her death raised awareness about chloroform.

12. Role of War in the Development of Surgery
Recap: How does war lead to developments in surgery?
WAR

13. Interaction of Factors
Homework:
Complete your own diagram to show how different factors led to
Development of anaesthetics
Development of successful blood transfusions
Development of technology to develop the pump for Lister’s carbolic spray
The effect of carbolic acid for deodorising sewerage works was already known
The development of antiseptics
Pasteur’s Germ Theory enabled people to accept Lister’s ideas
Lister tested carbolic acid and recorded and published the results

14. Learning Objectives
To understand how science and technology have impacted on the development of surgery
To explain how the factors of war, science, technology and individual people interact to develop surgery.
To evaluate which factor had the most important impact on the development of medicine.

15. FILMED DEBATE: Which factor had the biggest impact on the development of surgery?
WAR
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
INDIVIDUALS
CHAIR/CAMERA
In your learning partners (x4) you each need to take one of the roles above. This will be your focus in the debate.

16. Tasks
You will have 20 minutes to collect and prepare material for the debate.
If you are arguing a factor you need to consider what factual information there is and how you are going to explain its importance.
EXT Can you think of arguments to undermine the other people?
The Chair needs to decide on a set of rules and regulations. How will the debate be run? Will it be timed? Will people make presentations? Will you be allowed to interrupt? Where will it be filmed?