1. Independence Movements
WHII.14
YAY!!!
We are FREE!

2. After World War II....
DRAMATIC political changes began to take place across the world
Colonialism was questioned
Countries began to question the practice
Many leaders argued no country should control another nation
Questioned high cost and commitment

3. Independence Movements
British policies and India’s demand for self-rule led to the rise of the Indian independence movement, resulting in the creation of new states in the Indian sub-continent The Republic of India, a democratic nation, developed after the country gained independence.

4. Regional setting for the Indian independence movement
Independence in India
Regional setting for the Indian independence movement
Indian sub-continent
British India
India
Pakistan (formerly West Pakistan)
Bangladesh (formerly East Pakistan)
Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon)

5. Rule in India Britain ruled India
Almost two centuries (1700s-1900s with East India Trading Company)
Indian resistance began to intensify in 1939
Were forced to fight in WWII
Involvement in WWII Sparked Nationalist movements
Mohandas Gandhi launched a non-violent campaign of non-cooperation with the British

6. Gandhi and Non-Violence
Important proponent for India’s independence
Can you think of anyone else that used this technique?
Mohandas Gandhi
Proponent of non-violence and passive resistance
Practiced and suggested civil disobedience

7. Indian National Congress
Indians struggled with the British and each other
Two religions: Hindus and Muslims
The Indian National Congress (Congress Party) was India’s national political party
Most members were Hindus with a few Muslims

8. India Today Modern India Religious Issues Republic of India
World’s largest democratic nation (2 billion)
Federal system, giving many powers to the states
Religious Issues
Political division along Hindu-Muslim lines — Pakistan (Muslim) / India (Hindu)

9. India Today

10. Indian Democracy Indian democracy
Jawaharlal Nehru, a close associate of Gandhi, supported western-style industrialization.
1950 Constitution sought to prohibit caste discrimination
Ethnic and religious differences caused problems in the development of India as a democratic nation.
New economic development has helped to ease financial problems of the nation.

11. African Independence

12. Independence movements in Africa challenged European imperialism.
African Independence
The charter of the United Nations guaranteed colonial populations the right to self-determination.
Independence movements in Africa challenged European imperialism.
The United Nations Charter gave Africa the right to self-determination
Peaceful and violent revolutions after World War II
Pride in African cultures and heritage
Resentment of imperial rule and economic exploitation
Loss of colonies by Great Britain, France, Belgium, and Portugal; influence of superpower rivalry during the Cold War

13. Who Wants Independence?
Examples of independence movements and subsequent development efforts
West Africa: Peaceful transition to self-determination
Algeria: War of Independence from France

14. Kenyan Independence
Kenya (Britain): Violent struggle under leadership of Jomo Kenyatta (Kenya=KENYAtta)

15. South Africa South Africa:
Black South Africans’ struggle against apartheid
Apartheid - system of legal racial segregation enforced by the National Party government in South Africa between 1948 and 1994
The rights of the majority non-white inhabitants of South Africa were curtailed and minority rule by whites was maintained
Fight for black independence Led by Nelson Mandela
First black president of the Republic of South Africa

16. Creation of Middle Eastern Nations

17. The Mandate System
The mandate system established after World War I was phased out after World War II. With the end of the mandates, new states were created in the Middle East.
The Mandate System
Gave old areas that belonged to the Ottoman Empire and German to the other European powers
Idea that eventually they would give areas like the Middle East their independence
Resulted in Middle East conflicts created by religious differences

18. The Mandate System French mandates in the Middle East
Syria
Lebanon
British mandates in the Middle East
Jordan (originally Transjordan)
Palestine (a part became independent as the State of Israel)

19. Golda Meir Golda Meir Prime Minister of Israel
After initial setbacks, led Israel to victory in Yom Kippur War
Sought support of United States

20. Gamal Abdul Nasser Gamal Abdul Nasser
President of Egypt from at his death
Nationalized Suez Canal
Established relationship with Soviet Union
Built Aswan High Dam

21. Important World Organizations

22. The European Union—
Political union in Europe consisting of many Europeans nations
Many trade benefits (the Euro)
What’s a Euro?
Type of currency that you can spend anywhere in these nations!

23. 2. United Nations—
Mission: prevent/solve conflicts all over the world

24. 3. International Monetary Fund—
Gives loans to developing nations(roads, bridges, industry) in order to help them improve

25. 4. World Trade Organization--
Answers
1. European Union--trade benefits/economic and political union (Euro--currency)
2. United Nations--mission: prevent/solve conflicts
3. International Monetary Fund-- gives loans to developing nations(roads, bridges, industry)
4. World Trade Organization--

26. 4. World Trade Organization—
Promotes free trade/trade agreements between countries

27. 5. North American Free Trade Agreement–
Free trade (no tariffs) between U.S., Mexico, and Canada.

28. 6. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Military alliance--Former Warsaw Pact countries join in 1990s.

29. Important People in the 20th Century
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30. Margaret Thatcher Former British Prime Minister
Established free trade and less government regulation of business
Close relationship with the US and US foreign policy
Asserted the United Kingdom’s military power

31. Indira Gandhi
Closer relationship between India and the Soviet Union during the Cold War
Developed a nuclear program in India

32. Mikhail Gorbachev Glasnost and Perestroika Fall of the Berlin Wall
Last president of the Soviet Union
Because now it is called???
Russia
Oversaw a peaceful transition to democracy

33. Deng Xiaoping
Reformed Communist economy to a market economy (CAPITALISM) which led to China’s very RAPID economic growth
So the economy is NOT communist
What about the government control??
STILL COMMUNIST today!

34. Conflicts in the World Today
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35. Developed and developing nations face many challenges.
Challenges Include:
Migrations
Ethnic and Religious Conflicts
Impact of New Technologies

36. Refugees and Others Migrations
Many people choose to migrate because they see a chance for better opportunities
Refugees as an issue in international conflicts
Refugees= people who are FORCED to migrate because of poverty, war, natural disaster, or persecution
Many countries do NOT welcome immigrants because they “take away jobs and services from natural born citizens and can create hostility and discrimination”
Migrations of “guest workers” to European cities
“Guest Workers” are those who come to a country for work, legally or illegally
Since 1945 (end of WWII) Europe has been a destination for immigration to make up for the part of its labor force that was lost in WWI and WWII (mostly Germany)

37. Conflicts in the World Ethnic and religious conflicts Middle East
Shiite vs. Sunni (2 branches of Islam religion)
Arab vs. American (ongoing conflict in the middle east)
Controls VAST oil resources and KEY waterways
Israelis vs. Palestinian Arabs (1948 UN Partition Plan)
Jerusalem (sacred city to Jews, Christians, and Muslims)

38. Conflicts in the World Ethnic and religious conflicts Northern Ireland
Catholic vs. Protestant
1922 Ireland won independence from Great Britain
6 countries in the north (had protestant background) remained part of Great Britain and became known as Northern Ireland
Catholics faced discrimination in the North
Protestants in the North continually reject Catholics’ demands for civil rights and unification with the rest of Ireland
1960s Catholic and Protestant Extremist turned to VIOLENCE and TERRORISM
IRA (Irish Republic Army) attacked Protestants while Protestant militants targeted Catholics
Good Friday Agreement signed in 1998 (peace accord) and began established a power-sharing government
In 2009 the IRA rose up again and conflict resumed for a short period of time

39. Conflicts in the World Ethnic and religious conflicts Balkans
After the fall of communism Yugoslavia broke apart
New Countries: Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia, Serbia, Kosovo
Horn of Africa
Rwanda faced one of Africa’s deadliest Civil Wars
Hutus vs. Tutsis
Very similar conflicts occurred in Burundi as did in Rwanda
After Sudan gained independence the Arab-led government enacted laws and policies that discriminated non-Muslims and other ethnic groups
South Asia
Hinduism vs. Buddhism in Sri Lanka
Buddhist majority led to a bloody Civil War
Truce eased violence in the early 2000s

40. Unequal Access Impact of new technologies
Widespread but unequal access to computers and instantaneous communications
Not everyone around the world has a computer or internet
Underdeveloped countries fall more behind

41. Unequal Access Genetic engineering and bioethics Stem Cells
Study of genes and heredity and manipulation of genetic material to produce specific results
Helps scientists find new ways to fight human disease
“Dolly”
Video Clip:
Stem Cells
Has raised MANY ethical questions about the role of science in creating and changing life!
Video Clip:

42. Developed and developing nations are characterized by different levels of economic development, population characteristics, and social conditions.
So…let’s look at the contrasts between developed and developing nations.

43. Developed vs. Developing
Geographic locations of major developed and developing countries
It usually depends on where a country is located as to whether it will be a prosperous country or not
Example: Will a landlocked country ever be as powerful/prosperous as a country that has water access?
Economic conditions
Social conditions (literacy, access to health care)
Population size and rate of growth

44. What do you notice about the least developed countries?

45. Economic development and the rapid growth of population are having an impact on the environment.

46. Impact on the Environment
Factors that effect the environment:
Economic development
Rapid population growth
Environmental Challenges:
Pollution
Loss of habitat
Global climate change

47. The Real World… Today
Developed and developing nations face many challenges
These include migrations, ethnic and religious conflicts, and the impact of new technologies

48. Social Challenges Social Challenges Poverty Poor health Illiteracy
Famine
Migration
Refugees

49. So…How is economic interdependence changing the world today?
The countries of the world are increasingly dependent on each other for raw materials, markets, and financial resources, although there is still a difference between the developed and developing nations.
So…How is economic interdependence changing the world today?

50. Economic Interdependence
What is interdependence?
It means that nations of the world depend upon one another for EVERYTHING!
Role of rapid transportation, communication, and computer networks
Rise and influence of multinational corporations
Changing role of international boundaries
Regional integration, e.g., European Union
Trade agreements, e.g., North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), World Trade Organization (WTO)
International organizations, e.g., United Nations (UN), International Monetary Fund (IMF)

51. Terrorism in the World
Both developed and developing nations of the world have problems that are brought about by inequities in their social, cultural, and economic systems. Some individuals choose to deal with these unequal conditions through the use of terrorist activities

52. What is Terrorism? Terrorism is….
The use of violence and threats to intimidate and coerce for political reasons
Major Cause: Religious Extremism
Video Clip:

53. Examples of Terrorism Munich Olympics
Examples of International Terrorism
Munich Olympics
Palestinean terrorists held Israeli athletes HOSTAGE at 1970s summer olympics (ALL were killed)
Terrorist attacks in the United States (e.g., 9/11/2001) motivated by extremism (Osama bin Laden).
Car bombings
Suicide bombers
Airline hijackers
Roadside Bombs
(IED: Improvised explosive device)

54. How do we react to terrorism?
Governmental responses to terrorist activities
Surveillance
Review of privacy rights
Security at ports and airports
Identification badges and photos
(passports)
What is the Patriot Act??