1. Discussion focus Urbanisation – is it a good thing?

2. Urbanisation Learning Objective: Understand what urbanisation is
Recognise the pace at which urbanisation is happening

3. What the specification says
Urbanisation: characteristics, causes and effects This week: Monday – reasons for urbanisation – push/pull factors Tuesday – rural – urban migration Friday double – Mumbai case study

4. What is Urbanisation? a process where an increasing proportion of the population lives in towns and cities (and there is a reduction living in rural areas).

5. What causes Urbanisation?
There are 2 main factors of urbanisation:
Rural – urban migration
Natural increase

6. Rural to Urban Migration

8. Rural to urban migration
Rural push factors City pull factors
PUSH FACTOR

9. PUSH
From Rural

10. Agricultural Problems
Wars and civil strike
Natural Disasters
Cause people to flee
Floods, tropical storms, earthquakes
Population Growth
Not enough land to support the people. Leads to over-farming and low yields
PUSH
From Rural
Cash Crops
Land traditionally used to grow food for locals now used to produce crops for money.
Agricultural Problems
Due to desertification, subdivision of land into smaller plots and debt on loans taken out to help pay for agricultural change.
Health
Local diseases and inadequate medical provision.

11. PULL
To Urban

12. Employment
In factories and service industries such as hotels – better paid than rural area jobs.
Quality of Life
A perceived better quality of life
PULL
To Urban
Social Provisions
Informal Employment
Education, healthcare, entertainment
Selling on the street, providing transport, prostitution

13. Natural Increase
A process resulting from rural to urban migration. A high proportion of young adults migrating into a town resulting in high levels of birth. Falling death rates due to improved medical care and more babies being born than people dying.

14. Urban population increase

15. Task!
Using the information provided you are going to create a layered map of population increase.
You will have a base map, 3 pieces of tracing paper and some data for urbanised cities between 1955 and 2015.
On the base layer map, use the data to plot 4 urbanised cities from the Try to choose a range of cities. Mark them on with a circle like the BBC map.

16. Task!
On the first piece of tracing paper, glue it on one side over the base map. This is going to be your 1975 layer.
Over the top of the cities on your base map – mark the new data for them – have the circles become a little larger in 20 years??
Add two new cities to this layer.

17. Task!
Do this again for the next two layers – 1995 and the prediction for 2015.
Add two new cities on each layer.
Write a paragraph to explain what is being shown in your map. Try to use the key words and the information from the BBC graph to help you.

18. Starter activity – read the article
Highlight the following
any key terms that you have been introduced to this unit
Rates of urbanisation (key facts and figures)
Reasons for the growth of the megacity
Challenges this creates

19. Rural to Urban Migration
> Understand the concept of core and periphery > Establish key reasons why people are choosing to move between rural and urban areas using Mongolia as a case study. > Consider how this situation could change in the future.

20. Wallerstein (1974) Core and Periphery Model

21. Periphery Economic Processes
Relatively low technology, low pay activities requiring low capital investment
Populations in peripheral areas are drafted in as cheap labour

22. Core Economic Processes
High technology, high paid activities, requiring high capital investment
Dominate production, investment and decision making.
Add value by turning raw materials into manufactured goods
Profits are concentrated in the region.
This creates a multiplier effect
The formation of capital and wealth with the core processes is made possible by the labour and resources in the peripheral processes

23. Economic Multiplier Effect

24. Rural to Urban Migration in Mongolia

25. Who are the migrants?
Single males, it is less common for women to migrate
Between the ages of
More educated than other rural dwellers and more informed about the outside world.

26. Main Class Activity
Read the Geo file article on Rural to Urban Migration in Mongolia
Fill in the following table
Push Factors
Pull Factors
Impacts
Future trends

27. Plenary - Exam style question - PEEL
Discuss the causes of urbanisation (8 marks) Set out both sides of the argument. Push/pull factors natural increase Include case study examples Define the key term

28. Reading Homework
Read and summarise the following articles that I have ed to you. Be ready to discuss at the beginning of Friday’s lesson

29. Starter activity - Life in the Slum – Reader your characters story
Starter activity - Life in the Slum – Reader your characters story. Summarise it in no more than 20 words

30. Starter Activity – Gapminder World Research
Use Gapminder World to explore the rates of urbanisation in India. Pull out 3 key pieces of information

31. Megacity Case Study - Mumbai
Today’s Learning Objectives:
Understand the causes and effects of urban growth in Mumbai.
Evaluate the management issues created by rapid urban growth

32. Link to specification
Contrasting case studies within countries at different levels of economic development to demonstrate the above

34. Using the figure below describe the change in Mumbai’s slum population since 1971, compared with the overall population

35. Read the Geofile factsheet. Colour code the following
Mumbai’s urban functions – green
Rural push factors – yellow
Urban pull factors – orange
Solutions - blue

37. Mumbai – A world city!
Mumbai (formally Bombay is located in the state of Maharashatra
It is India’s biggest city – the 4th largest in the world
It is graded as ‘Alpha’ as a world city due to its economic importance
In 2015 the population of Mumbai was 16 million (Metropolitan area was far bigger)
It has a tropical climate and is suffers the effects of monsoon rains
– first 3 mins

38. Mumbai’s urban structure - City Centre
The oldest parts of the city are at the top of the peninsula
The CBD is located here – centred around the former banking area
Headquarters in this area include:
Bank of America
Walt Disney
Microsoft India
Volkswagen
Cadbury India
People live in slums – up to 25,000
Shopping malls are also located here

39. Economy
High competition for jobs in the formal sector (workers receive regular wages)
Migrants may have to accept low wages, poor working conditions and little job security.
Those who can’t find work may be forced to work in informal sector, doing unskilled jobs

40. Dharavi Slums 1 million people live illegally in Dharavi
Situated between two railway lines
Cheap accommodation for low skilled workers.
Homes are solid and have electricity
80% of Mumbai’s waste is recycled in Dharavi

41. Services Banking, insurance, IT and call centres Outsourcing
University provides well educated English speaking graduates.

42. Entertainment

43. Provides 33% of India’s tax revenue
40% of international flights to India land here
High rental in exclusive parts of the city on par with London and New York

44. Outline problems caused by population growth

45. Outline problems caused by population growth
Employment conditions
Transport/ Traffic congestion
Tax
Air pollution
Housing shortages
Waste disposal
Slum development
Water supply

46. Problems ahead? Mumbai has become India’s economic giant
Like the port, factories, and film industry (Bollywood)
Industries in its informal sector are booming!
15,000 informal factories in one area (Dhavari)
Kevin McCloud Slumming it:

47. Employment conditions
Employment conditions vary greatly in Mumbai
Most of Dharavi’s factories are illegal (Many sweatshops)
Whole families make clothes at home – 1 Cuts, another sew and so on
The T-shirt is then sold to a buyer for 10-15p

48. Mumbai’s tax problem Taxi is one of Mumbai’s biggest problems!
There are few tax collectors – it is also impossible to chase tax collections from informal workers
The city has set up tax-free zones to attract companies (so the companies also pay no tax )
Without income tax Mumbai can’t provide services for the population.

49. A Low tax government-cycle
Explain this diagram in 1 paragraph
What effect will this process have on Mumbai’s economy in the long term?

50. Class Activity
Problems ahead – Employment conditions – Dharavi
Housing shortages and slum development
Water supply and waste disposal
Dealing with air pollution and traffic   
Around the room are different challenges that face Mumbai
Fill your worksheet in with as much information as you can in the next 10 minutes
What arguments would you put to Mumba’s city authorities to explain the benefits of investing in infrastructure as piped water, and waste treatment?
List 3 advantages and 3 disadvantages to the following ideas:
Encourage companies to move out of Mumbai to suburbs where more land is available
Build large affordable housing estates on the edge of Mumbai
Introduce a clearance programme to get rid of slums

51. Vision Mumbai Boost economic growth to 8-10% per year
Make governance more efficient and responsive
Improve transport infrastructure
Raise adequate financing
Increase housing availability
Upgrade other infrastructure

52. ICT research- Vision Mumbai
Research Vision Mumbai using the above website. Additional material can be found on the ‘Further Reading Section’ on the GEOFILE factsheet. Create a presentation to deliver to the rest of the class

53. Homework
Create your own Case Study fact file on Mumbai Include: Reasons for urban growth Population facts and figures Impacts of urban growth – slums, pollution, informal sector Management – vision Mumbai

54. Homework
For one named city that you have studied, evaluate the effects of urbanisation on the character of the city.