1. Introduction to typography

2. What is typography?
Typography: The study of all elements of type including the shape, size and spacing of the characters
Typography plays an important role in the audience perception of your document or project and its information
Typography helps to create “information relationships” in two ways:
By the organization of your information
Keeping things interesting through the use of fonts, letters and symbols

3. Principles of Design for typography
Legibility: Making sure the audience can read and understand your text
Reverse type: white type on a dark background and is designed to make type stand out
Similarity, alignment: Using typography to create relationships between similar kinds of information
Uniformity or consistency: Repeating familiar elements to focus your audience’s attention
Contrast: Creating interest and distinguishing different types of information with different typefaces
Hierarchy: Making sure your audience understands that information has different levels of importance

4. fonts
Font: Originally included typeface, style and size, but the term is now interchangeable with typeface
Font Family: A typeface and all its variants such as Times New Roman regular, italic and bold
Roman: describes a font without additional attributes such as italics
Decorative fonts: are those used for display purposes
Script fonts: designed to imitate handwriting
Blackletter fonts: Imitate an antique European font
Monospace fonts: Fonts that mimic the spacing produced by a typewriter

5. typefaces
Typeface: The design for the letters, numbers and symbols that make up a font
Serif: a typeface with extensions at the ends of the main strokes that define each letter. These extensions are called serifs.
Bracketed serif: a curved serif that fills in the area between the serif and the stroke
Sans serif: a typeface without serifs
Oldstyle fonts: have bracketed serifs, angled stress, and strokes that move gently from thick to thin
Transitional fonts: have bracketed serifs, vertical stress and uneven strokes that move quickly from thick to thin
Modern fonts: have unbracketed serifs, vertical stress and uneven strokes
Slab Serif Fonts: have heavy serifs, vertical stress and even strokes

6. Examples
Serif Font Sans Serif Font

7. Spacing choices
Proportional fonts: are spaced according to the size of the letter
Monospace fonts: are spaced the same for every letter
Tracking: the spacing between letters in a word
Kerning pairs: sets of letters designed to be spaced closely together
Kerning: spacing of letters generally to make them move closer together
Ligatures: Letters that have historically been attached, creating a single character
Leading: The spacing between lines of a paragraph
Em space: a space the width of a capital letter “M” in the font and point size being used
En space: half the size of an em space, is the width of a capital letter “N” in the font and point size being used

8. Spacing conventions
Hanging indents: a paragraph’s first line is flush left but the remaining lines are indented
Tabs: places on a ruler used to line up text
Widows: Single sentences or phrases at the bottom of a column or page. The rest of the paragraph appears on the next page or column
Orphans: Single lines of text that appear at the top of the column or page, with the rest of the paragraph appearing in the previous column or page

9. Alignment There are four primary types:
Left Aligned: Often referred to as “left justified” or “flush left”, typically the default setting for a document, begins each line along the left margin of the document
Right Aligned: Often referred to as “right justified” or “flush right”, it aligns the beginning of each line of text along the right margin of the document
Centered: Text is placed in the center of each line leaving the same margin on both sides
Justified: Each line of text fills the entire space from left to right, except for the paragraph indent and the last line of the paragraph