Remediation https://store.theartofservice.com/the-remediation-toolkit.html.

Remediation

Biotechnology - Bioremediation and biodegradation
They will certainly accelerate the development of bioremediation technologies and biotransformation processes.

Biotechnology - Bioremediation and biodegradation
Marine environments are especially vulnerable since oil spills of coastal regions and the open sea are poorly containable and mitigation is difficult

Arsenic - Exposure risks and remediation
Occupational exposure and arsenic poisoning may occur in persons working in industries involving the use of inorganic arsenic and its compounds, such as wood preservation, glass production, nonferrous metal alloys, and electronic semiconductor manufacturing. Inorganic arsenic is also found in coke oven emissions associated with the smelter industry.

Arsenic - Exposure risks and remediation
The ability of arsenic to undergo redox conversion between As(III) and As(V) makes its availability in the environment more abundant. According to Croal, Gralnick, Malasarn and Newman, "[the] understanding [of] what stimulates As(III) oxidation and/or limits As(V) reduction is relevant for bioremediation of contaminated sites (Croal). The study of chemolithoautotrophic As(III) oxidizers and the heterotrophic As(V) reducers can help the understanding of the oxidation and/or reduction of arsenic.

Environmental technology - Environmental remediation
Environmental remediation is the removal of pollutants or contaminants for the general protection of the environment. This is accomplished by various chemical, biological, and bulk movements. (encyclopedia of medical concepts)

CVSS - Remediation Level
The remediation level (RL) of a vulnerability allows the temporal score of a vulnerability to decrease as mitigations and official fixes are made available.

Value Description Score

Official Fix (OF) A complete vendor solution is available - either a patch or an upgrade. 0.87

Temporary Fix (TF) There is an official but temporary fix / mitigation available from the vendor. 0.90

Workaround (W) There is an unofficial, non-vendor solution or mitigation available - perhaps developed or suggested by users of the affected product or another third party. 0.95

Unavailable (U) There is no solution available, or it is impossible to apply a suggested solution. This is the usual initial state of the remediation level when a vulnerability is identified. 1.0

Ammonia - For remediation of gaseous emissions
Ammonia is used to scrub SO2 from the burning of fossil fuels, and the resulting product is converted to ammonium sulfate for use as fertilizer. Ammonia neutralizes the nitrogen oxides (NOx) pollutants emitted by diesel engines. This technology, called SCR (selective catalytic reduction), relies on a vanadia-based catalyst.

Ammonia - For remediation of gaseous emissions
Ammonia may be used to mitigate gaseous spills of phosgene.

Carbon neutral fuel - Greenhouse gas remediation
Carbon-neutral fuels might lead to greenhouse gas remediation because carbon dioxide gas would be reused to produce fuel instead of being released into the atmosphere

Carbon neutral fuel - Greenhouse gas remediation
Capturing CO2 directly from the air or extracting carbonic acid from seawater would also reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the environment, and create a closed cycle of carbon to eliminate new carbon dioxide emissions

Environmental implications of nanotechnology - Water filtration and remediation
A strong influence of nanochemistry on waste-water treatment, air purification and energy storage devices is to be expected.

Mechanical or chemical methods can be used for effective filtration techniques. One class of filtration techniques is based on the use of membranes with suitable hole sizes, whereby the liquid is pressed through the membrane. Nanoporous membranes are suitable for a mechanical filtration with extremely small pores smaller than 10nm (“nanofiltration”) and may be nanotube membrane|composed of nanotubes. Nanofiltration is mainly used for the removal of ions or the separation of different fluids.

Magnetic nanoparticles offer an effective and reliable method to remove heavy metal contaminants from waste water by making use of magnetic separation techniques. Using nanoscale particles increases the efficiency to absorb the contaminants and is comparatively inexpensive compared to traditional precipitation and filtration methods.

Some water-treatment devices incorporating nanotechnology are already on the market, with more in development. Low-cost nanostructured separation membranes methods have been shown to be effective in producing potable water in a recent study.

Phytoremediation 'Phytoremediation' () describes the treatment of natural environment|environmental problems (bioremediation) through the use of plants that mitigate the environmental problem without the need to excavate the contaminant material and dispose of it elsewhere.

Phytoremediation Phytoremediation consists of mitigating pollutant concentrations in contaminated soils, water, or air, with plants able to contain, degrade, or eliminate metals, pesticides, solvents, explosives, crude oil and its derivatives, and various other contaminants from the media that contain them.

Phytoremediation - Application
Contaminants such as metals, pesticides, solvents, explosives,[ Phytoremediation of soils using Ralstonia eutropha, Pseudomas tolaasi, Burkholderia fungorum reported by Sofie Thijs] and crude oil and its derivatives, have been mitigated in phytoremediation projects worldwide

Over the past 20 years, this technology has become increasingly popular and has been employed at sites with soils contaminated with lead, uranium, and arsenic. While it has the advantage that environmental concerns may be treated in situ; one major disadvantage of phytoremediation is that it requires a long-term commitment, as the process is dependent on a plant's ability to grow and thrive in an environment that is not ideal for normal plant growth.

Phytoremediation refers to the natural ability of certain plants called hyperaccumulators to bioaccumulate, degrade,or render harmless contaminants in soils, water, or air.

Phytoremediation - Advantages and limitations
** the cost of the phytoremediation is lower than that of traditional processes both in situ and ex situ

** the possibility of the recovery and re-use of valuable metals (by companies specializing in “phyto mining”)

** it is potentially the least harmful method because it uses naturally occurring organisms and preserves the environment in a more natural state.

** phytoremediation is limited to the surface area and depth occupied by the roots.

** slow growth and low biomass require a long-term commitment

** with plant-based systems of remediation, it is not possible to completely prevent the leaching of contaminants into the groundwater (without the complete removal of the contaminated ground, which in itself does not resolve the problem of contamination)

** the survival of the plants is affected by the toxicity of the contaminated land and the general condition of the soil.

** bio-accumulation of contaminants, especially metals, into the plants which then pass into the food chain, from primary level consumers upwards or requires the safe disposal of the affected plant material.

Phytoremediation - Various phytoremediation processes
A range of processes mediated by plants or algae are useful in treating environmental problems:

* Phytoextraction — uptake and concentration of substances from the environment into the plant biomass.

* Phytostabilization — reducing the mobility of substances in the environment, for example, by limiting the Leaching (pedology)|leaching of substances from the soil.

* Phytotransformation — chemical modification of environmental substances as a direct result of plant metabolism, often resulting in their inactivation, degradation (phytodegradation), or immobilization (phytostabilization).

* Phytostimulation — enhancement of soil life|soil microbial activity for the degradation of contaminants, typically by organisms that associate with roots. This process is also known as rhizosphere degradation. Phytostimulation can also involve aquatic plants supporting active populations of microbial degraders, as in the stimulation of atrazine degradation by hornwort..

* Phytovolatilization — removal of substances from soil or water with release into the air, sometimes as a result of phytotransformation to more volatile and/or less polluting substances.

* Rhizofiltration — filtering water through a mass of roots to remove toxic substances or excess nutrients. The pollutants remain absorbed in or adsorbed to the roots.

Phytoremediation - Phytoextraction
Phytoextraction (or phytoaccumulation) uses plants or algae to remove contaminants from soils, sediments or water into harvestable plant biomass (organisms that take larger-than-normal amounts of contaminants from the soil are called 'hyperaccumulators')

The plants absorb contaminants through the root system and store them in the root biomass and/or transport them up into the stems and/or leaves. A living plant may continue to absorb contaminants until it is harvested. After harvest, a lower level of the contaminant will remain in the soil, so the growth/harvest cycle must usually be repeated through several crops to achieve a significant cleanup. After the process, the cleaned soil can support other vegetation.

The main advantage of phytoextraction is environmental friendliness. Traditional methods that are used for cleaning up heavy metal-contaminated soil disrupt soil structure and reduce soil productivity, whereas phytoextraction can clean up the soil without causing any kind of harm to soil quality. Another benefit of phytoextraction is that it is less expensive than any other clean-up process.

As this process is controlled by plants, it takes more time than anthropogenic soil clean-up methods.

*'natural hyper-accumulation', where plants naturally take up the contaminants in soil unassisted.

*'induced or assisted hyper-accumulation', where a conditioning fluid containing a chelator or another agent is added to soil to increase metal solubility or mobilization so that the plants can absorb them more easily. In many cases natural hyperaccumulators are metallophyte plants that can tolerate and incorporate high levels of toxic metals.

'Examples of phytoextraction (see also Phytoremediation, Hyperaccumulators|'Table of hyperaccumulators'):'

*Arsenic, using the Sunflower (Helianthus annuus), or the Chinese Brake fern (Pteris vittata), a hyperaccumulator. Chinese Brake fern stores arsenic in its leaf|leaves.

*Cadmium, using willow (Salix viminalis): In 1999, one research experiment performed by Maria Greger and Tommy Landberg suggested willow has a significant potential as a phytoextractor of Cadmium (Cd), Zinc (Zn), and Copper (Cu), as willow has some specific characteristics like high transport capacity of heavy metals from root to shoot and huge amount of biomass production; can be used also for production of bio energy in the biomass energy power plant..

*Cadmium and zinc, using Alpine pennycress (Thlaspi caerulescens), a hyperaccumulator of these metals at levels that would be poison|toxic to many plants. On the other hand, the presence of copper seems to impair its growth (see table for reference).

*Lead, using Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea), Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia), Hemp Dogbane (Apocynum cannabinum), or Poplar trees, which sequester lead in their biomass.

*Salt-tolerant (moderately halophyte|halophytic) barley and/or sugar beets are commonly used for the extraction of sodium chloride (common salt) to reclaim fields that were previously flooded by sea water.

*Caesium|Caesium-137 and Strontium|strontium-90 were removed from a pond using sunflowers after the Chernobyl accident.

*Mercury (element)|Mercury, selenium and organic pollutants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been removed from soils by transgenic plants containing genes for bacterial enzymes.

Phytoremediation - Phytostabilization
Phytostabilization focuses on long-term stabilization and containment of the pollutant

Phytoremediation - Phytotransformation
In the case of organic compounds|organic pollutants, such as pesticides, explosives, solvents, industrial chemicals, and other xenobiotic substances, certain plants, such as Canna (plant)|Cannas, render these substances non-toxic by their metabolism

The term Green Liver Model is used to describe phytotransformation, as plants behave analogously to the human liver when dealing with these xenobiotic compounds (foreign compound/pollutant). After uptake of the xenobiotics, plant enzymes increase the polarity of the xenobiotics by adding functional groups such as hydroxyl groups (-OH).

This is known as Phase I metabolism, similar to the way that the human liver increases the polarity of drugs and foreign compounds (Drug metabolism|Drug Metabolism). Whereas in the human liver enzymes such as Cytochrome P450s are responsible for the initial reactions, in plants enzymes such as nitroreductases carry out the same role.

In the second stage of phytotransformation, known as Phase II metabolism, plant biomolecules such as glucose and amino acids are added to the polarized xenobiotic to further increase the polarity (known as conjugation). This is again similar to the processes occurring in the human liver where glucuronidation (addition of glucose molecules by the UGT (e.g. UGT1A1) class of enzymes) and glutathione addition reactions occur on reactive centres of the xenobiotic.

Phase I and II reactions serve to increase the polarity and reduce the toxicity of the compounds, although many exceptions to the rule are seen. The increased polarity also allows for easy transport of the xenobiotic along aqueous channels.

In the final stage of phytotransformation (Phase III metabolism), a sequestration of the xenobiotic occurs within the plant

Hence, the plants reduce toxicity (with exceptions) and sequester the xenobiotics in phytotransformation. Trinitrotoluene phytotransformation has been extensively researched and a transformation pathway has been proposed..

Phytoremediation - Role of genetics
Genes for phytoremediation may originate from a micro-organism or may be transferred from one plant to another variety better adapted to the environmental conditions at the cleanup site

Phytoremediation - Role of genetics
Researchers have also discovered a mechanism in plants that allows them to grow even when the pollution concentration in the soil is lethal for non-treated plants. Some natural, biodegradable compounds, such as exogenous polyamines, allow the plants to tolerate concentrations of pollutants 500 times higher than untreated plants, and to absorb more pollutants.

Phytoremediation - Hyperaccumulators and biotic interactions
A plant is said to be a hyperaccumulator if it can concentrate the pollutants in a minimum percentage which varies according to the pollutant involved (for example: more than 1000mg/kg of dry weight for nickel, copper, cobalt, chromium or lead; or more than 10,000mg/kg for zinc or manganese).

Phytoremediation - Table of hyperaccumulators
*Phytoremediation, Hyperaccumulators|Hyperaccumulators table – 1 : Al, Ag, As, Be, Cr, Cu, Mn, Hg, Mo, Naphthalene, Pb, Pd, Pt, Se, Zn

*Hyperaccumulators table – 2 : Nickel

*Hyperaccumulators table – 3|Hyperaccumulators table – 3 : Radionuclides (Cd, Cs, Co, Pu, Ra, Sr, U), Hydrocarbons, Organic Solvents.

Phytoremediation - Phytoscreening
As plants are able to translocate and accumulate particular types of contaminants, plants can be used as biosensors of subsurface contamination, thereby allowing investigators to quickly delineate contaminant plumes..

Coal - Bioremediation The white rot fungus C. versicolor can grow on and metabolize naturally occcuring coal. The bacteria Diplococcus has been found to degrade coal, raising its temperature.

Groundwater remediation
'Groundwater remediation' is the process that is used to remove pollution from groundwater

The many and diverse activities of humans produce innumerable waste materials and by-products; before the 1980s, the regulation of these wastes was less stringent and waste materials were often disposed of or stored on land surfaces where they percolated into the underlying soil and eventually were carried downward, contaminating the underlying groundwater and therefore jeopardizing the natural quality of it. As a result, contaminated groundwater became unsuitable for use.

Using contaminated ground water causes hazards to public health through poisoning or the spread of disease, and the practice of groundwater remediation has been developed to address these issues

Groundwater remediation - Techniques
Some of the biological treatment techniques include bioaugmentation, bioventing, biosparging, bioslurping, and phytoremediation

Groundwater remediation - Bioaugmentation
Groundwater and Soil Remediation: Process Design and Cost Estimating of Proven Technologies

Groundwater remediation - Bioventing
Bioventing is an in situ remediation technology that uses microorganisms to biodegrade organic matter|organic constituents adsorbed in the groundwater

Groundwater remediation - Biosparging
Biosparging is an in situ remediation technology that uses indigenous microorganisms to biodegrade organic constituents in the saturated zone. In biosparging, air (or oxygen) and nutrients (if needed) are injected into the saturated zone to increase the biological activity of the indigenous microorganisms. Biosparging can be used to reduce concentrations of petroleum constituents that are dissolved in groundwater, adsorbed to soil below the water table, and within the capillary fringe.

Groundwater remediation - Bioslurping
Bioslurping combines elements of bioventing and vacuum-enhanced pumping of free-product that is lighter than water (light non-aqueous phase liquid or LNAPL) to recover free-product from the groundwater and soil, and to bioremediate soils

Groundwater remediation - Permeable Reactive Barriers
Certain types of permeable reactive barriers utilize biological organisms in order to remediate groundwater.

Groundwater remediation - Chemical precipitation
Precipitation (chemistry)|Chemical precipitation is commonly used in wastewater treatment to remove Water hardness|hardness and heavy metals. In general, the process involves addition of agent to an aqueous waste stream in a stirred reaction vessel, either batchwise or with steady flow. Most metals can be converted to insoluble compounds by chemical reactions between the agent and the dissolved metal ions. The insoluble compounds (precipitates) are removed by settling and/or filtering.

Groundwater remediation - Ion exchange
Ion exchange for ground water remediation is virtually always carried out by passing the water downward under pressure through a fixed bed of granular medium (either cation exchange media and anion exchange media) or spherical beads. Cations are displaced by certain cations from the solutions and ions are displaced by certain anions from the solution. Ion exchange media most often used for remediation are zeolites (both natural and synthetic) and synthetic resins.

Groundwater remediation - Carbon absorption
The most common activated carbon used for remediation is derived from bituminous coal. Activated carbon absorbs volatile organic compounds from ground water by chemically binding them to the carbon atoms.

Groundwater remediation - Chemical oxidation
In this process, called In situ oxidation|In Situ Chemical Oxidation or ISCO, chemical oxidants are delivered in the subsurface to destroy (converted to water and carbon dioxide or to nontoxic substances) the organics molecules. The oxidants are introduced as either liquids or gasses. Oxidants include air or oxygen, ozone, and certain liquid chemicals such as hydrogen peroxide, permanganate and persulfate.

Groundwater remediation - Chemical oxidation
Ozone and oxygen gas can be generated on site from air and electricity and directly injected into soil and groundwater contamination. The process has the potential to oxidize and/or enhance naturally occurring aerobic degradation. Chemical oxidation has proven to be an effective techique for dense non-aqueous phase liquid or DNAPL when it is present.

Groundwater remediation - Surfactant enhanced recovery
Surfactant enhanced recovery increases the mobility and solubility of the contaminants absorbed to the saturated soil matrix or present as dense non-aqueous phase liquid

Groundwater remediation - Permeable reactive barriers
Some permeable reactive barriers utilize chemical processes to achieve groundwater remediation.

Groundwater remediation - Permeable reactive barriers
One particular type of permeable reactive barrier utilizes a Osorb|swellable, organically modified silica embedded in iron, which is injected in situ in order to create a permanent soft barrier in the ground

Groundwater remediation - Pump and treat
Pump and treat is one of the most widely used ground water remediation technologies. In this process ground water is pumped to the surface and is coupled with either biological or chemical treatments to remove the impurities.

Groundwater remediation - Air sparging
Air sparging is the process of blowing air directly into the ground water

Groundwater remediation - Dual phase vacuum extraction
Dual-phase vacuum extraction (DPVE), also known as multi-phase extraction, is a technology that uses a high-vacuum system to remove both contaminated groundwater and soil vapor

Groundwater remediation - Monitoring-Well Oil Skimming
Monitoring-wells are often drilled for the purpose of collecting ground water samples for analysis. These wells, which are usually six inches or fewer in diameter, can also be used to remove hydrocarbons from the contaminant plume within a groundwater aquifer by using a belt style oil skimmer. Belt oil skimmers, which are simple in design, are commonly used to remove oil and other floating hydrocarbon contaminants from industrial water systems.

A monitoring-well oil skimmer remediates various oils, ranging from light fuel oils such as petrol, light diesel or kerosene to heavy products such as No

Typically, belt skimmers remove very little water with the contaminant, so simple weir type separators can be used to collect any remaining hydrocarbon liquid, which often makes the water suitable for its return to the aquifer

Hydrocarbon - Bioremediation
Bacteria in the gabbroic layer of the oceans crust can degrade hydrocarbons; but the extreme environment makes research difficult. Other bacteria such as Lutibacterium Anuloederans can also degrade hydrocarbons.

Environmental remediation
'Environmental remediation' deals with the removal of pollution or contaminants from Natural environment|environmental media such as soil, groundwater, sediment, or surface water for the general protection of human health and the environment or from a brownfield land|brownfield site intended for redevelopment.

Environmental remediation
Remediation is generally subject to an array of regulatory requirements, and also can be based on assessments of human health and ecology|ecological risks where no legislated standards exist or where standards are advisory.

Environmental remediation - Remediation standards
In Canada, most standards for remediation are set by the provinces individually, but the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment provides guidance at a federal level in the form of the Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines and the Canada-Wide Standards|Canada-Wide Standard for Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Soil.

Environmental remediation - Site assessment
Ceiling dust, topsoil, surface and groundwater of nearby properties should also be tested, both before and after any remediation

# No one wants to have to pay for the clean up of the site;

# If nearby properties are found to be contaminated it may have to be noted on their property title, potentially affecting the value;

Often corporations which do voluntary testing of their sites are protected from the reports to environmental agencies becoming public under Freedom of Information Acts, however a Freedom of Information inquiry will often produce other documents that are not protected or will produce references to the reports.

Environmental remediation - Funding remediation
In the US there has been a mechanism for taxing polluting industries to form a Superfund to remediate abandoned sites, or to litigation|litigate to force corporations to remediate their contaminated sites

Environmental remediation - Mapping remediation
There are several tools for mapping these sites and which allow the user to view additional information. One such tool is TOXMAP, a Geographic Information System (GIS) from the Division of Specialized Information Services [ of the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM) that uses maps of the United States to help users visually explore data from the United States Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Superfund and Toxics Release Inventory programs.

Environmental remediation - Remediation technologies
Remediation technologies are many and varied but can be categorised into ex-situ and in-situ methods. Ex-situ methods involve excavation of affected soils and subsequent treatment at the surface, In-situ methods seek to treat the contamination without removing the soils.

Environmental remediation - Remediation technologies
The more traditional remediation approach (used almost exclusively on contaminated sites from the 1970s to the 1990s) consists primarily of soil excavation and disposal to landfill dig and dump and groundwater pump and treat. In situ technologies include Solidification and Stabilization and have been used extensively in the USA.

Environmental remediation - Thermal desorption
Thermal desorption is a technology for soil remediation. During the process a desorber volatilizes the contaminants (e.g. oil, mercury or hydrocarbon) to separate them from especially soil or sludge. After that the contaminants can either be collected or destroyed in an offgas treatment system.

Environmental remediation - Excavation or dredging
Recent advancements in bioaugmentation and biostimulation of the excavated material have also proven to be able to remediate semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) onsite. If the contamination affects a river or bay bottom, then dredging of bay mud or other silty clays containing contaminants may be conducted.

Environmental remediation - Excavation or dredging
Recently, ExSitu Chemical oxidation has also been utilized in the remediation of contaminated soil. This process involves the excavation of the contaminated area into large bermed areas where they are treated using chemical oxidation methods.

Environmental remediation - SEAR - surfactant enhanced aquifer remediation
Also known as Solubilization and recovery, the Surfactant Enhanced Aquifer Remediation process involves the injection of hydrocarbon mitigation agents or specialty surfactants into the subsurface to enhance desorption and recovery of bound up otherwise recalcitrant non aqueous phase liquid (NAPL).

Environmental remediation - SEAR - surfactant enhanced aquifer remediation
In geologic formations that allow delivery of hydrocarbon mitigation agents or specialty surfactants, this approach provides a cost effective and permanent solution to sites that have been previously unsuccessful utilizing other remedial approaches. This technology is also successful when utilized as the initial step in a multi faceted remedial approach utilizing SEAR then In situ Oxidation, bioremediation enhancement or soil vapor extraction (SVE).

Environmental remediation - Pump and treat
Pump and treat involves pumping out contaminated groundwater with the use of a submersible or vacuum pump, and allowing the extracted groundwater to be Water purification|purified by slowly proceeding through a series of vessels that contain materials designed to adsorb the contaminants from the groundwater

For most biodegradable materials like BTEX, MTBE and most hydrocarbons, bioreactors can be used to clean the contaminated water to non-detectable levels. With fluidized bed bioreactors it is possible to achieve very low discharge concentrations which will meet or exceed discharge standards for most pollutants.

It is more difficult to reach sufficiently low concentrations to satisfy remediation standards, due to the equilibrium of absorption (chemistry)/desorption processes in the soil

Environmental remediation - Solidification and stabilization
Solidification/stabilization work has a reasonably good track record but also a set off serious deficiencies related to durability of solutions and potential longterm effects. In addition CO2 emissions due to the use of cement are also becoming a major obstacle to its widespread use in solidification/stabilization projects.

Stabilization/solidification (S/S) is a remediation/treatment technology that relies on the reaction between a binder and soil to stop/prevent or reduce the mobility of contaminants.

* 'Stabilization' - involves the addition of reagents to a contaminated material (e.g. soil or sludge) to produce more chemically stable constituents; and

* 'Solidification' - involves the addition of reagents to a contaminated material to impart physical/dimensional stability to contain contaminants in a solid product and reduce access by external agents (e.g. air, rainfall).

Conventional S/S is an established remediation technology for contaminated soils and treatment technology for hazardous wastes in many countries in the world. However, the uptake of S/S technologies has been relatively modest, and a number of barriers have been identified including:

* the relatively low cost and widespread use of disposal to landfill;

* the lack of authoritative technical guidance on S/S;

* uncertainty over the durability and rate of contaminant release from S/S-treated material;

* experiences of past poor practice in the application of cement stabilization processes used in waste disposal in the 1980s and 1990s (ENDS, 1992); and

* residual liability associated with immobilized contaminants remaining on-site, rather than their removal or destruction.

Environmental remediation - In situ oxidation
New in situ oxidation technologies have become popular, for remediation of a wide range of soil and groundwater contaminants. Remediation by Redox|chemical oxidation involves the injection of strong oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide, ozone gas, potassium permanganate or persulfates.

Oxygen gas or ambient air can also be injected to promote growth of aerobic bacteria which accelerate natural attenuation of organic contaminants

The injection of gases into the groundwater may also cause contamination to spread faster than normal depending on the site's hydrogeology. In these cases, injections downgradient of groundwater flow may provide adequate microbial destruction of contaminants prior to exposure to surface waters or drinking water supply wells.

Migration of metal contaminants must also be considered whenever modifying subsurface oxidation-reduction potential. Certain metals are more soluble in oxidizing environments while others are more mobile in reducing environments.

Environmental remediation - Soil vapor extraction
Multi Phase Extraction (MPE) is also an effective remediation technology when soil and groundwater are to be remediated coincidentally

1

Thermal oxidation (or incineration) can also be an effective remediation technology

*Thermal oxidation which uses a system that acts as a furnace and maintains temperatures ranging from .

*Catalytic oxidation which uses a catalyst on a support to facilitate a lower temperature oxidation. This system usually maintains temperatures ranging from .

3

Environmental remediation - Other technologies
In bioremediation, either naturally occurring or specially bred bacteria are used to consume contaminants from extracted groundwater

Dual-phase extraction utilizes a soil vapor extraction system that produces a high vacuum resulting in the extraction of both contaminated vapors as well as a limited amount of contaminated groundwater. This method is somewhat inefficient due to large amount of energy required by pulling water by vacuum compared to pushing water with a submersible pump.

Mycoremediation is a form of bioremediation, the process of using fungi to return an environment (usually soil) contaminated by pollutants to a less contaminated state.

In an experiment conducted in conjunction with Batelle, a major contributor in the bioremediation industry, a plot of soil contaminated with diesel oil was inoculated with mycelia of oyster mushrooms; traditional bioremediation techniques (bacteria) were used on control plots

The key to mycoremediation is determining the right fungal species to target a specific pollutant. Certain strains have also been reported to successfully degrade the nerve gases VX and sarin.

Mycofiltration is a very similar process, using mycelial mats to filter toxic waste and microorganisms from polluted water.

Environmental remediation - Community consultation and information
In preparation for any significant remediation there should be extensive community consultation

Environmental remediation - Incremental health risk
An analogy often used by remediators is to compare the risk of the remediation on nearby residents to the risks of death through car accidents or tobacco smoking.

Environmental remediation - Emissions standards
These are compared against both natural background levels in the area and standards for areas zoned as nearby areas are zoned and against standards used in other recent remediations

Monitoring for compliance against each standards is critical to ensure that exceedances are detected and reported both to authorities and the local community.

Enforcement is necessary to ensure that continued or significant breaches result in fines or even a prison|jail sentence (law)|sentence for the polluter.

Penalties must be significant as otherwise fines are treated as a normal expense of doing business. Compliance must be cheaper than to have continuous breaches.

Environmental remediation - Transport and emergency safety assessment
Assessment should be made of the risks of operations, transporting contaminated material, disposal of waste which may be contaminated including workers' clothes, and a formal emergency response plan should be developed. Every worker and visitor entering the site should have a safety induction personalised to their involvement with the site.

Environmental remediation - Impacts of funding remediation
The rezoning is often resisted by local communities and local government because of the adverse effects on the local amenity of the remediation and the new development. The main impacts during remediation are noise, dust, odour and incremental health risk. Then there is the noise, dust and traffic of developments. Then there is the impact on local traffic, schools, playing fields, and other public facilities of the often vastly increased local population.

Environmental remediation - Homebush Bay, New South Wales, Australia
Homebush Bay, New South Wales, Australia has been the subject of a controversial remediation project.[

In this case the proposed rezoning, remediation and redevelopment has a wealth of material available through the internet from

# Numerous investigations and reports by Australian and International consultants

# For the former Union Carbide site, a previous remediation by excavation and containment in a clay capped sarcophagus, separated from the Bay by a bentonite wall.

# A Parliamentary Inquiry by the Upper House of the Parliament of New South Wales, a state of Australia;

# Two Commissions of Inquiry, one for each of the major dioxin contaminated sites, both contaminated by the operations of Union Carbide;

# Resolutions by the relevant local government bodies (originally Concord council and after the Municipality of Concord was merged with Drummoyne Council to form the City of Canada Bay, by that Council);

# Campaigns by local residents' groups, Greenpeace Australia, Nature Conservation Council of NSW, and Inner West (of Sydney branch of the) Greens

# published submissions by Planning NSW and Environmental Protection Agency of NSW;

# Comprehensive Environmental Impact studies published in digital format and available on CD from Planning NSW.

This rezoning, remediation and redevelopment of land contaminated by Union Carbide, Imperial Chemical Industries|ICI and others also involves the remediation of a strip of dioxin contaminated sediments in Homebush Bay, New South Wales. The Homebush Bay area was home to the main events of the Sydney 2000 Summer Olympics. The soil contamination was addressed in the Commission of Inquiry into the Lednez site formerly owned by Union Carbide, but not to the satisfaction of local community activists.

The remediation of Homebush Bay is important because of its impact on the food chain which extends through benthos not only to local protected and threatened species of birds, but also to Japan Australia Migratory Bird Agreement|JAMBA and CAMBA protected species and species which use other Ramsar (convention)|Ramsar-protected wetlands

Environmental remediation - Bakar Ex Cokeing Plant Site, Croatia
An E.U. contract for immobilization a polluted area of m3 in BAKAR Croatia based on Solidification/Stabilization with 'Solidification and Stabilization|ImmoCem' is currently in progress. After 3 years of intensive research by the Croatian government the E.U. funded the immobilization project in BAKAR. The area is contaminated with large amounts of TPH, PAH and metals. For the immobilization the contractor chose to use the mix-in-plant procedure.

Toluene - Bioremediation
Several species of fungi; Cladophialophora, Exophiala, Leptodontium, Pseudeurotium zonatum, and Cladosporium sphaerospermum, and certain species of bacteria, can degrade toluene; using it as a source of carbon and energy

Soil erosion - Prevention and remediation
The most effective known method for erosion prevention is to increase vegetative cover on the land, which helps prevent both wind and water erosion

Yeast - Bioremediation
Some yeasts can find potential application in the field of bioremediation

Genetically modified crops - Bioremediation
Scientists at the University of York developed a weed (Arabidopsis thaliana) that contains genes from bacteria that can clean up TNT and RDX-explosive contaminants from the soil: It was hoped that this weed would eliminate this pollution.Strange, Amy (20 September 2011) [ Scientists engineer plants to eat toxic pollution] The Irish Times

Genetically modified crops - Bioremediation
Genetically modified plants have also been used for bioremediation of contaminated soils. Mercury (element)|Mercury, selenium and organic pollutants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), TNT and RDX explosive contaminants have been removed from soils by transgenic plants containing genes for bacterial enzymes.

MWNT - Environmental remediation
A CNT nano-structured sponge (nanosponge) containing sulfur and iron is more effective at soaking up water contaminants such as oil, fertilizers, pesticides and pharmaceuticals

MWNT - Environmental remediation
Earlier, a magnetic boron-doped MWNT nanosponge that could absorb oil from water

Zinc - Soil remediation
The Ericoid Mycorrhizal Fungi Calluna, Erica and Vaccinium can grow in zinc metalliferous soils.

Network Access Control - Remediation, quarantine and captive portals
Network operators deploy NAC products with the expectation that some legitimate clients will be denied access to the network (if users never had out-of-date patch levels, NAC would be unnecessary). Because of this, NAC solutions require a mechanism to remediate the end-user problems that deny them access.

Two common strategies for remediation are quarantine networks and captive portals:

: A quarantine network is a restricted IP network that provides users with routed access only to certain hosts and applications

: A captive portal intercepts HTTP access to web pages, redirecting users to a web application that provides instructions and tools for updating their computer. Until their computer passes automated inspection, no network usage besides the captive portal is allowed. This is similar to the way paid wireless access works at public access points.

: External Captive Portals allow organizations to offload wireless controllers and switches from hosting web portals. A single external portal hosted by a NAC appliance for wireless and wired authentication eliminates the need to create multiple portals, and consolidates policy management processes.

Lead (element) - Bioremediation
Fish bones are being researched for their ability to bioremediation|bioremediate lead in contaminated soil. The fungus Aspergillus versicolor is both greatly effective and fast, at removing lead ions. Several bacteria have been researched for their ability to reduce lead; including the sulfate reducing bacteria Desulfovibrio and Desulfotomaculum; which are highly effective in aqueous solutions.

Critical Infrastructure Protection - Phase 2: Remediation
The first phase of the CIP life cycle, Analysis and Assessment, identified the critical assets of DoD sector infrastructures and the vulnerabilities or weaknesses of those critical assets.

Remediation actions apply to any type of vulnerability, regardless of its cause

These are analysis and assessment, input from military planners and other DoD sectors, the National Infrastructure Assurance Plan and other plans, reports, and information on national infrastructure vulnerabilities and remediation, as well as intelligence estimates and assessments of threats.

Remediation requirements are also gathered through lessons learned from Defense Infrastructure sector monitoring and reporting and infrastructure protection operations and exercises. The CIP program tracks the status of remediation activities for critical assets. Remediation activities to protect the critical Defense Infrastructure cross multiple Department components.

Pipeline transport - Previous dilbit spill remediation difficulties
Remediation work collected over 1.1 million gallons of oil and almost 200,000 cubic yards of oil-contaminated sediment and debris from the Kalamazoo River system

Charles River - History of pollution and remediation efforts
As sewage, industrial wastewater treatment|industrial wastewater and urban runoff flowed freely into the river from the surrounding city, the Charles River became well known for its high level of water pollution|pollutants, gaining such notoriety that by 1955, Bernard DeVoto wrote in Harper's Magazine that the Charles was foul and noisome, polluted by offal and industrious wastes, scummy with oil, unlikely to be mistaken for water.

It was not an uncommon sight to see toxicity|toxins coloring the river pink and orange in spots, fish kills and submerged cars.[ Group Eyes Lawsuit Over Charles River Pollution]

Once popular with swimmers, awareness of the river's high pollution levels forced the state to shut down several popular swimming areas, including Cambridge's Magazine Beach and Gerry Landing public beaches. Until very recently, rowers and sailors who fell into the water were advised to go to the hospital for tetanus shots.[ Swimming in the Charles River]

[ Clear and Clean]

Efforts to clean up the river and restore it to a state where swimming and fishing would be acceptable began as early as the 1960s, and the program to clean up the Charles for good took shape in 1965 with the creation of the Charles River Watershed Association.[ Charles River Watershed Association] In 1978, a new Charles River Dam was constructed downstream from the Science Museum site to keep seawater|salt water out of the basin.

In 1995, the United States Environmental Protection Agency declared a goal of making the river swimmable by 2005

A combination of public and private initiatives helped dramatically lower levels of pollutants by focusing on eliminating combined sewer overflows and storm water surface runoff|runoff. Since Weld's stunt, the river's condition has improved dramatically, although it was not deemed entirely swimmable by 2005.

The Conservation Law Foundation opposes the permit given to Mirant for the Mirant Kendall Generating Station, an electricity plant near Kendall Square, charging that the water it releases causes blooms of hazardous microorganisms because of its warm temperature.

The water quality of the Charles River is often at its worst after a large rainfall because of pollutants carried by runoff, and sewage overflows. For 2011, the EPA reported that the Charles met state bacterial standards for boating and swimming 96% and 89% of the time on dry days, and 74% and 35% of the time on wet days, respectively. Overall boatability and swimability of 82% and 54% in 2011 compare with 39% and 19% in 1995.

A study published in the Journal of the American Water Resources Association in April 2008 and completed by researchers at Northeastern University, found high concentrations of Escherichia coli|E

Oysters have been used to filter and clean Charles River water.

As of 2013, boating is allowed on the Charles but swimming without a permit is punishable by a fine up to $250.Swimming and ice skating are prohibited by [ 350 CMR (7)] except where posted by the Department of Conservation and Recreation, and as of 2013 there are no posted swimming areas

Asset liability management - Remediation actions
*A surplus of assets over liabilities creates a funding requirement : negative mismatch that can be finance

**By long-term borrowings (typically costlier) : long-term debt, preferred stock, equity or demand deposit

**By short-term borrowings (cheaper but with higher incertainty level in term of availability and cost) : collateralized borrowings (repo), money market

**By asset sales : distressed sales (at loss) but sales induce drastic changes in the bank's strategy

*A surplus of liabilities is seen as the necessity to find efficient uses for those funds : Positive mismatch that is not a wrong signal (generally a rare scenario in a bank as the bank has always a target return on capital to achieve and so requiring funds to put to work by acquiring assets) but only mean that the bank is sacrificing profits unnecessarily to achieve a liquidity position that is too liquid, this excess of liquidity can be deployed in money market instruments or risk-free assets such as government T-bills or bank certificate of deposit (CDs) if this liability excess belongs to bank's capital (the ALM desk will not taking the risk to put capital in a credit-risk investment).

Remediation (Marxist theory)
'Mediation in Marxist theory' () refers to the reconciliation of two opposing forces within a given society (i.e

To give a concrete example of this, a worker making shoes in a shoe factory is not only producing shoes, but potential exchange-value

In media studies, thinkers like Marshall McLuhan treat “the medium is the message” or the medium of a given social object (such as a book, CD, or television show) as the touchstone for both the cultural and material elements of the society in which this object exists.McLuhan, Marshall

Many thinkerssuch as Marxism And Media Studies: Key Concepts and Contemporary Trends by Mike Wayne; Media Ecologies: Materialist Energies in Art and Technoculture by Matthew Fuller; Media and Cultural Studies by Meenakshi Gigi Durham and Douglas Kellner; Marxism and Communication Studies: The Point Is to Change It edited by Lee Artz, Steve Macek, and Dana L

Remediation (Marxist theory) - Mediation in Marxism
The problem of mediation in Marxism is also referred to as the problem of determination, or namely how social actors navigate the social structures that bind them

A major theme in Marxism is the problem of mediation or determination: what amount of agency does labor have in light of the determining forces of a given culture

Aune, James Arnt. Rhetoric and Marxism. Boulder: Westview Press, 1994.

Remediation (Marxist theory) - Marx and Engels
For Marx and Friedrich Engels, social actors are caught in a cycle of mediation between the economic base of a culture and the ideas and value systems of the culture that is given rise to by this base. Thus, as he famously formulated in The German Ideology:

The ideas of the ruling class are in every epoch the ruling ideas, i.e

For Marx and Engels, then, the ruling classes control the subordinate classes through domination of the ideas available in the culture

Remediation (Marxist theory) - Antonio Gramsci
Later Marxists such as Gramsci would problematize this notion of ideology or false consciousness by studying the ways that workers operate during periods of “organic crisis,” or those times when social classes become detached from their traditional parties and a violent overthrow of the ruling classes is possible

The traditional ruling class, which has numerous trained cadres, changes men and programmes and, with greater speed than is achieved by the subordinate classes, reabsorbs the control that was slipping from its grasp

Unfortunately, Gramsci died before he could completely articulate how hegemony mediates the subordinate classes in periods of relative calm or how to work against the powers of the ruling classes as exerted in this way. Importantly, however, he had vastly complicated the ways that later Marxists would think about mediation: as a means of persuasion utilized by the ruling classes, rather than as complete control of the available ideas within a given culture (ideology).

Remediation (Marxist theory) - Cultural materialism
The work of Raymond Williams and other members of the Birmingham Center for British Cultural Studies would further extend the notion of mediation in cultural materialism (cultural studies)|cultural materialism. For Williams, this notion should connote a social actor’s position in relation to co-determining aspects of a social formation, or a multitude of pressures and limits that are always changing and being changed by the social actor.

Society is then never only the dead husk which limits social and individual fulfillment

Under this guise, mediation becomes a process of lived reality whereas social actors are not so much duped by ruling ideas as incredibly involved with the understanding and circulation of those ideas through their own expressions of individual will. This is a much more dynamic process of mediation than previous versions, but one heavily dependent on a more in-depth theorization of Gramsci’s notion of hegemony.

Remediation (Marxist theory) - Articulation theory
Cultural theorist Stuart Hall (cultural theorist)|Stuart Hall, Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe have further theorized the complexities of mediation through their development of articulation theory, to describe the ways that certain notions become dominant in a culture, given the relative openness of the social in heavily industrialized nations such as the U.S

…the so-called unity of a discourse is really the articulation of different, distinct elements which can be articulated in different ways because they have no necessary “belongingness”

Under articulation theory mediation becomes a complex, indeterminate process by which social meanings are circulated under the historical conditions of a given culture and social actors take up these meanings or not based on a complex interplay of all the parts of the social whole.

Remediation (Marxist theory) - Mediation in media studies
Within media studies mediation is also used in the same sense as in Marxist theory: thinkers try to look at how a given medium reconciles the various forces of history, culture, economics or the material world, and how social actors use that medium to navigate these various meanings and values

Remediation (Marxist theory) - Mass media and the culture industry
There is another sense in which media theorists look at this question, too, and that is by looking at the mass media as a whole

The most intimate reactions of human beings have been so thoroughly Reification (Marxism)|reified that the idea of anything specific to themselves now persists only as an utterly abstract notion: personality scarcely signifies anything more than shining white teeth and freedom from body odor and emotions

Early theorists such as these saw no agency whatsoever for audiences of the culture industry, claiming instead that this industry was founded on mass deception and that the average consumer was a cultural dupe being inculcated into the values of the ruling classes without realizing it

Remediation (Marxist theory) - Marshall McLuhan
Perhaps one of the best known media theorists, McLuhan is famous for his dictum that The medium is the message (phrase)|the medium is the message

Thus, the shift into print technology radically altered the way that all later media would be both formed and operated: Printing from movable types was the first mechanization of a complex handicraft, and became the archetype of all subsequent mechanization (170). As he continues, however:

Like any other extension of man, typography had psychic and social consequences that suddenly shifted previous boundaries and patterns of culture

For McLuhan, electronic media, as the new form of mediation in our culture, are creating radical new possibilities for thought and social relations. These new possibilities include the extension of our nervous system across space and time. As McLuhan puts it:

After more than a century of electric technology, we have extended our central nervous system itself in a global embrace, abolishing both space and time as far as our planet is concerned. Rapidly, we approach the final phase of the extensions of man—the technological simulation of consciousness, when the creative process of knowing will be collectively and corporately extended to the whole of human society. (3-4)

This has resulted in a hybridization of media forms:

Media as extensions of our senses institute new ratios, not only among our private senses, but among themselves, when they interact among themselves. Radio changed the form of the news story as much as it altered the film image in the talkies. TV caused drastic changes in radio programming, and in the form of the thing or documentary novel. (53)

It has also resulted in the translation of human consciousness more and more into the form of information:

By putting our physical bodies inside our extended nervous systems, by means of electric media, we set up a dynamic by which all previous technologies that are mere extensions… of our bodies… will be translated into information systems

McLuhan has been critiqued as being alternately utopian, Determinism|deterministic, and Eurocentric about the ways that media mediate between human beings and their natural world, but no one would deny the effects his work has had on the study of media.

Remediation (Marxist theory) - The propaganda model
An important model to this day in media studies, Noam Chomsky and Edward S. Herman would formulate what they call the propaganda model for analyzing the media. This model:

attempts to explain the performances of the U.S

This model, then, focuses mostly on “structural factors” of the mass media, including “ownership and control, dependence on other major funding sources (notably, advertisers), and mutual interests and relationships between the media and those who make the news and have the power to define it and explain what it means” (xi)

Remediation (Marxist theory) - The media’s audience: Incorporation and Excorporation
Thinkers such as John Fiske (media studies)|John Fiske have looked at how audiences use popular media to get their own enjoyment from them, claiming, in a diametrically opposed fashion to much other media theory, that popular media, and thus the popular culture they are both part of and help create, can actually be progressive as audiences struggle to use these media for their own individual purposes, and the media then shift to accommodate these purposes.

For Fiske this happens through a process of what he calls “incorporation and excorporation,” a process by which social meanings are mediated by the dominant and subordinate members of a society in an ongoing struggle

These ideas have affected many thinkers after Fiske, but he has also been critiqued as being too utopian, and as not providing enough agency for the audiences he describes. If the only available agency for audiences are their mediation of those values “provided by the system that subordinates them,” then they will always occupy a subordinate position in relation to that system.

Remediation (Marxist theory) - Media and democracy
Thinkers like Robert W. McChesney have looked at how the mass media mediate democracy, creating a touchstone for how citizens think of the mass media as either belonging to and serve their interests or serving the interests of the corporations that own them. As McChesney says:

The corporate domination of both the media system and the policy-making process that establishes and sustains it causes serious problems for a functioning democracy and a healthy culture

At the same time, however, McChesney, unlike early thinkers in this vein, is interested in mobilizing popular resistance against this domination. He continues: “the democratic solution to this problem, is to increase informed public participation in media policy making” (p.7). McChesney is well known as an outspoken advocate for this public participation, engaging in speaking tours around the country and lobbying against corporate control of the media.

Remediation (Marxist theory) - Remediation
Thus, the logic of remediation is one of constant remix of older media forms by newer ones and vice versa

Remediation: Understanding New Media

Remediation, however, as the logic of mediation for social actors in light of advent of new media, is not “to suggest that all of our culture's claims of remediation are equally compelling or that we could necessarily identify all of the strategies through which digital media remediate and are remediated by their predecessors.” Thus, the “double logic of remediation can function explicitly or implicitly, and it can be restated in different ways:”

· Remediation as the mediation of mediation. Each act of mediation depends on other acts of mediation. Media are continually commenting on, reproducing, and replacing each other, and this process is integral to media. Media need each other in order to function as media at all.

Despite the fact that all media depend on other media in cycles of remediation, our culture still needs to acknowledge that all media remediate the real

· Remediation as reform. The goal of remediation is to refashion or rehabilitate other media. Furthermore, because all mediations are both real and mediations of the real, remediation can also be understood as a process of reforming reality as well. (pp. 55-6)

On the cutting edge of what many are calling the new media revolution of form and content, or in other words of the mediation of experience, Bolter and Grusin are important for their insight into the ways that all media are interdependent, and the ways in which this interdependency alters the ways that reality itself is mediated by and for social actors.

Remediation (Marxist theory) - Marxist theories of media studies
Many thinkers are now working at the intersections of Marxism and media studies, and are attempting to tease out the various interrelations, contradictions, and possibilies inherent in these two conversations

Many of these thinkers see as their project the rehabilitation of Marxist theory and cultural studies in light of new forms of media and parallel social and historical developments and vice versa. As Deepa Kumar puts it, regarding aspects of Marxist theory such as dialectical materialism:

the method of analysis developed by Marx and Engels, is more relevant to media and cultural studies scholarship today for at least two reasons: the crisis of neoliberalism and the collapse of Stalinism….The time has come for critical scholarship to shake off the yoke of TINA (there is no alternative), and start to take seriously the bankruptcy of capitalism and the possibilities of a socialist alternative

Thus, Kumar sees the task of scholars of media and culture as twofold: “to explain and critique the state of culture and society, and then to act upon the world to change it

And this contradictory nature of media, is in turn due to the ways that media are mediated in modern day culture: “In short, mass-mediated products are determined by various factors—the systems of ownership, the process of cultural production, the level of struggle, the state of consciousness in society at a given time, and so on

Remediation (Marxist theory) - Hypercapitalism and new media
One particular intersection of Marxist theory and new media studies is to be found in Phil Graham’s Hypercapitalism: New Media, Language, and Social Perceptions of Value, in which he attempts to theorize the ways that the new knowledge economy is mediated by various factors. For Graham, in order for a theory to “establish the historical significance of a global, digitally mediated knowledge economy,” the approach:

must grasp the relationship between language, privilege, and the perceived relative value of different classes of knowers and knowledges; to grasp the effects of new media and their relationship to changes in conceptions about the character of knowledge; and—since knowledge, new media, language, and value are perennial and dynamic influences in human societies—to identify what marks the current transition in social relations as historically significant or unique, if anything

that sees the movement and transformation of meanings across times, spaces, and social contexts; which acknowledges that, yes, there are technological aspects of mediation that cannot be ignored, and there are substantial issues surrounding what is generally understood by the term “content”. However, mediation is far more than either “content” or technology. It is a complex set of real, material, social processes facilitated by specific technological means. (p. 3)

Ultimately, Graham is representative of this new body of work because he is seeking to define a methodology that accounts for the complexity and contradiction arising from the ways that new media and new methods of information exchange are mediated by all conceivable factors.

Land improvement - Soil remediation
Uncontrolled use of the land may damage the soil, requiring measures for combatting soil degradation, such as:

* Decontamination of polluted land;

* Land rehabilitation after industrial or mining usage;

PASS theory of intelligence - Remediation and cognitive enhancement
Innovative Programs for Improvement in Reading Through Cognitive Enhancement: A Remediation Study of Canadian First Nations Children

Erosion - Prevention and remediation
The most effective known method for erosion prevention is to increase vegetative cover on the land, which helps prevent both wind and water erosion

Bid rigging - Remediation
Bid rigging is an illegal practice under the criminal or competition laws of most developed countries. Depending on the jurisdiction, it is punishable by fines, imprisonment or both.

Bid rigging - Remediation
Bid rigging fraud can be resisted naturally by either side choosing to not participate in the auction

Blackstone River - Pollution and remediation efforts
The Blackstone River has a long association with industry, and a legacy of pollution as a result

Early industries discharged a variety of pollutants into the river including dyes from textile mills and heavy metals and solvents from metal and woodworking industries

River cleanup is still underway, and today the Blackstone is considered a Class C river (suitable only for secondary contact activities like boating) for much of its length.

In situ - Environmental remediation
In situ can refer to where a clean up or Environmental remediation|remediation of a polluted site is performed using and simulating the natural processes in the soil, contrary to ex situ where contaminated soil is excavated and cleaned elsewhere, off site.

NASA spin-off technologies - Pollution remediation
NASA’s microencapsulating technology enabled the creation of a Petroleum Remediation Product, which safely cleans petroleum-based pollutants from water

Pseudomonas - Use as bioremediation agents
Some members of the genus are able to metabolise chemical pollutants in the environment, and as a result, can be used for bioremediation. Notable species demonstrated as suitable for use as bioremediation agents include:

* Pseudomonas alcaligenes|P. alcaligenes, which can degrade polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

* Pseudomonas mendocina|P. mendocina, which is able to degrade toluene.

* Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes|P. pseudoalcaligenes, which is able to use cyanide as a nitrogen source.

* Pseudomonas resinovorans|P. resinovorans, which can degrade carbazole.

* Pseudomonas veronii|P. veronii, which has been shown to degrade a variety of simple aromatic organic compounds.

* Pseudomonas putida|P. putida, which has the ability to degrade organic solvents such as toluene. At least one strain of this bacterium is able to convert morphine in aqueous solution into the stronger and somewhat expensive to manufacture drug hydromorphone (Dilaudid).

* Strain KC of Pseudomonas stutzeri|P. stutzeri, which is able to degrade carbon tetrachloride.

Mold growth, assessment, and remediation
'Mold assessment' and 'mold remediation' are techniques used in occupational health: mold assessment is the process of identifying the location and extent of the mold hazard in a structure, and mold remediation is the process of removal and/or cleanup of mold from an indoor environment.

Mold growth, assessment, and remediation - Health effects
Molds are ubiquitous in nature, and mold spores are a common component of household and workplace dust. However, when spores are present in large quantities, they are a health hazard to humans, potentially causing allergic reactions and respiratory problems.

Mold growth, assessment, and remediation - Health effects
Some molds also produce mycotoxins that can pose serious health risks to humans and animals

Mold growth, assessment, and remediation - Symptoms of mold exposure
Symptoms of mold exposure can include:

*Nasal and sinus congestion, runny nose

*Eye irritation, such as itchy, red, watery eyes

*Respiratory problems, such as wheezing and difficulty breathing, chest tightness

Mold growth, assessment, and remediation - Health effects linking to asthma
Infants may develop respiratory symptoms as a result of exposure to a specific type of fungal mold, called Penicillium

Mold exposures have a variety of health effects depending on the person, some people are more sensitive to mold than others

There has been sufficient evidence that damp indoor environments are correlated with upper respiratory tract symptoms such as; coughing, and wheezing in people with asthma.

Mold growth, assessment, and remediation - Causes growing conditions
Molds are found everywhere inside and outside, and can grow on almost any substance when moisture is present. Molds reproduce by spores, which can be carried by air currents. When these spores land on a moist surface that is suitable for life, they begin to grow. Mold is normally found indoors at levels that do not affect most healthy individuals.

Because common building materials are capable of sustaining mold growth, and mold spores are ubiquitous, mold growth in an indoor environment is typically related to water or moisture indoors

For significant mold growth to occur, there must be a source of water (which could be invisible humidity), a source of food and a substrate capable of sustaining growth

* Nutrients: Cellulose is a common food for spores in an indoor environment. It is the part of the cell wall of green plants.

* Moisture: Moisture is required to begin the decaying process caused by the mold.

* Time: Mold growth begins between 24 hours and 10 days from the provision of the growing conditions. There is no known way to date mold.

Mold colonies can grow inside building structures. The main problem with the presence of mold in buildings is the inhalation of mycotoxins. Molds may produce an identifiable smell. Growth is fostered by moisture. After a flood or major leak, mycotoxin levels are higher in the building even after it has dried out (source: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation|CMHC).

Food sources for molds in buildings include cellulose-based materials, such as wood, Corrugated fiberboard|cardboard, and the paper facing on both sides of drywall, and all other kinds of organic matter, such as soap, fabrics, and dust containing skin cells

If there are mold problems in a house only during certain times of the year, then it is probably either too Hermetic seal|air-tight, or too drafty

Removing one of the three requirements for mold reduces or eliminates the new growth of mold. These three requirements are:

HVAC systems can create all three requirements for significant mold growth. The A/C system creates a difference in temperature that allows/causes condensation to occur. The high rate of dusty air movement through an HVAC system may create ample sources of food for the mold. And finally, since the A/C system is not always running - the ability for warm conditions to exist on a regular basis allows for the final component for active mold growth.

Because the HVAC system circulates air contaminated with mold spores and sometimes toxins, it is vital to prevent any three of the environments required for mold growth

Mold growth, assessment, and remediation - Assessment
The first step in an assessment is to determine if mold is present. This is done by visually examining the premises. If mold is growing and visible this helps determine the level of remediation that is necessary. If mold is actively growing and is visibly confirmed, sampling for specific species of mold is unnecessary.

These methods, considered non-intrusive, only detect visible and odor-causing molds. Sometimes more intrusive methods are needed to assess the level of mold contamination. This would include moving furniture, lifting and/or removing carpets, checking behind wallpaper or paneling, checking in ventilation duct work, opening and exposing wall cavities, etc.

Careful detailed visual inspection and recognition of moldy odors should be used to find problems needing correction. Efforts should focus on areas where there are signs of liquid moisture or water vapor (humidity) or where moisture problems are suspected. The investigation goals should be to locate indoor mold growth to determine how to correct the moisture problem and remove contamination safely and effectively.

Mold growth, assessment, and remediation - Sampling
In general the EPA does not recommend sampling unless an occupant of the space is symptomatic

The sampling and analysis should follow the recommendations of Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA)

Three types of sampling include but are not limited to::

* Air sampling: the most common form of sampling to assess the level of mold. Sampling of the inside and outdoor air is conducted and the results to the level of mold spores inside the premises and outside are compared. Often, air sampling will provide positive identification of the existence of non-visible mold.

* Surface samples: sampling the amount of mold spores deposited on indoor surfaces (tape, and dust samples)

* Bulk samples: the removal of materials from the contaminated area to identify and determine the concentration of mold in the sample.

When sampling is conducted, all three types are recommended by the AIHA, as each sample method alone has specific limitations

Though it may not be recommended, air sampling following mold remediation is usually the best way to ascertain efficacy of remediation, when conducted by a qualified third party.IICRC(ANSI) S520 Standard

Mold growth, assessment, and remediation - Remediation
The first step in solving an indoor mold problem is stopping the source of moisture. Next is to remove the mold growth. Common remedies for small occurrences of mold include:

* Non-porous building materials

There are many ways to prevent mold growth; see HVAC|heating, ventilating, improved insulation and air conditioning. There are also cleaning companies that specialize in fabric restoration - a process by which mold and mold spores are removed from clothing to eliminate odor and prevent further mold growth and damage to the garments.

Improper methods for cleaning mold include exposure to high heat, dry air, sunlight (particularly UV light), ozone, and application of fungicides

Significant mold growth may require professional mold remediation to remove the affected building materials and eradicate the source of excess moisture. In extreme cases of mold growth in buildings, it may be more cost-effective to condemn the building rather than clean the mold to safe levels.

The goal of remediation is to remove or clean contaminated materials in a way that prevents the emission of fungi and dust contaminated with fungi from leaving a work area and entering an occupied or non-abatement area, while protecting the health of workers performing the Dust abatement|abatement.

Mold growth, assessment, and remediation - Cleanup and removal methods
The purpose of the clean-up process is to eliminate the mold and fungal growth and to remove contaminated materials. As a general rule, simply killing the mold with a biocide is not enough. The mold must be removed since the chemicals and proteins, which cause a reaction in humans, are still present even in dead mold.

Mold growth, assessment, and remediation - Evaluating mold exposures
Before beginning mold remediation you should make sure you assess the area infected with mold to ensure safety, you clean up the entire moldy area, and properly approach the mold.

*Fix moisture problems before you remove and clean up the moldy area to prevent future mold growth issues

*If the area of mold is large you should get a remediation manager to properly dispose of the mold

*Be sure to identify the source of water or moisture that caused the mold growth to begin with

*Check all air ducts, ventilation systems and air handling units so that the mold problems do not persist in the indoor environment

*Consult a qualified professional if you have any problems or if you are not confident that you can properly remove all mold or sources of mold growth

Mold growth, assessment, and remediation - Cleaning recommendations
These steps should always be done by a trained professional.

* First, make sure to remove any object near the insulation system that may have been contaminated from floodwater. Properly dispose of the contaminated materials according to your local, state, and Federal regulations. (The insulation you might removed may be contaminated with asbestos. Always make sure to call a trained professional to avoid serious injury or death)

* Make sure to remove the contaminated HVAC filter media to ensure your HVAC system is not bringing in contaminated air. Make sure to dispose of it reading the same regulations listed above.

* Remove any debris and insulation; clean all components of the HVAC system to ensure nothing becomes contaminated and/or more contaminated from floodwater. Use a HEPA-filtered vacuum, cleaner to make sure you get rid of all the debris, dirt, and microorganisms. Pay special attention to the drain pans, filter areas, curves, and air ducts since debris often collects in these places.

* Disinfect all components of the HVAC system after turning off the HVAC system. To clean use 1 cup of normal household chlorine bleach mixed with a gallon of water, do not mix this with cleaning products containing ammonia.

* Be sure to use fans to create filtration by blowing the contaminated air outdoors, to protect the health of the workers.

** Important: You must remove and properly discard the HVAC components that are contaminated with floodwater to prevent the growth of mold if it cannot be cleaned, and replace them with new components.

* After the HVAC has been properly cleaned and disinfected, replace the insulation in the HVAC system with an external, smooth-surfaced insulation to prevent future floodwater contamination.

* To ensure safety have your HVAC system tested by a qualified professional before you begin using your HVAC system again.

Mold growth, assessment, and remediation - What to wear when removing mold
When cleaning up mold it is important to avoid breathing in mold or mold spores, as this can have major health implications

Filters used with the respirator should ideally be rated P-100. Some cartridges also come with an activated carbon element. The carbon helps to remove the odor given off by mold and mildew.

Protective clothing should also be worn. Disposable hazmat coveralls are available to keep out particles down to one micrometre|micrometer. Protective suits keep mold spores from entering any cuts on the skin.

Next be sure to wear gloves to ensure protection from mold. You should wear gloves made of rubber, nitrile, polyurethane, or neoprene so that no mold or disinfectant materials get through to your skin.

If a half-face respirator mask is used, goggles should be worn to keep mold spores from entering the mucus membrane and propagating. Appropriate goggles should not have ventilation holes so that no mold particles will get in. Full face respirators have an advantage here as the air breathed in is directed to the inside of the lens first which keeps it from fogging as you work.

Mold growth, assessment, and remediation - Dry brushing or agitation device
These systems are known for the removal of the biological material in the ductwork that the mold spores feed upon. A good brushing or agitation machine will break the static bond and remove the hard and soft debris in the ductwork. Dry brushing introduces nothing foreign into the HVAC system and is the only system that sweeps all surfaces.

Mold growth, assessment, and remediation - Dry ice blasting
Recently, some companies have begun using dry ice blasting to remove mold from suitable surfaces, such as wood and cement. Soda Blasting is also a good method to remove the mold. Media Blasting, which removes mold is a preferred method to encapsulation, which only cover the mold.

Mold growth, assessment, and remediation - Vacuum
Wet vacuum cleaners are designed to remove water from floors, carpets and other hard surfaces where water has accumulated. Wet vacuuming should only be used on wet materials, as spores may be exhausted into the indoor environment if insufficient liquid is present. After use, this equipment must be thoroughly cleaned and dried as spores can adhere to the inner surfaces of the tank, hoses, and other attachments.

Mold growth, assessment, and remediation - Damp wipe
Damp wipe is the removal of mold from Porosity|non-porous surfaces by wiping or scrubbing with water and a detergent. Care must be exercised to make sure the material is allowed to quickly dry to discourage any further mold growth. With surfaces such as metal, glass, hardwood, plastics, and concrete, mold should be scraped off as much as possible. Then, scrub the surface with a moldicide or fungicide cleaner.

Mold growth, assessment, and remediation - HEPA vacuum
HEPA vacuum cleaners are recommended for the cleanup of the outside areas surrounding the remediation area

Mold growth, assessment, and remediation - Disposal of debris and damaged materials
Building materials and furnishings contaminated with mold should be placed into impervious bags or closed containers while in the remediation area. These materials can usually be discarded as regular Construction and demolition waste|construction waste.

Mold growth, assessment, and remediation - Equipment
Several types of equipment may be used in the remediation process and may include:

*Moisture meter: a tool that measures the moisture level in building materials. It can also be used to measure the progress of the drying of damaged materials. Pin moisture meters have a small Test probe|probe that is inserted into the material. Pinless moisture meters usually have a flat sensing area that is pressed directly against the material's surface. Moisture meters can be used on carpet, drywall|wallboard, Lumber|woods, brick, and other masonry.

* Hygrometer|Humidity gauge: measures the amount of humidity in the indoor environment. Often gauges are paired with a thermometer to measure the temperature.

* Borescope: a hand-held tool that allows the user to see potential mold problems inside walls, ceilings, crawl spaces, and other tight spaces. It consists of a camera on the end of a flexible “snake”. No major drilling or cutting of dry wall is required.

* Digital camera: used to document findings during assessment.

* Personal protective equipment (PPE): includes respirators, gloves, impervious suit, and eye protection. These items can be used during the assessment and remediation processes.

* Thermographic camera : Infrared thermal imaging cameras are often used (and effective) in addition to moisture meters to double check moisture meter findings, and look at the broader picture. They help mainly in identifying auxiliary points of moisture intrusion.

Mold growth, assessment, and remediation - Protection levels
During the remediation process, the level of contamination dictates the level of protection for the remediation workers. The levels of contamination are described as Levels I, II, III, and IV. Each has specific requirements for worker safety. The levels are as follows:

Mold growth, assessment, and remediation - Level I
*Remediation can be conducted by the regular building staff as long as they are trained on proper clean-up methods, personal protection, and potential hazards. This training can be performed as part of a program to comply with the requirements of OSHA Hazard Communication Standard ( 29 CFR ).

*Respiratory protection (for example, N-95 disposable respirator) is recommended. Respirators must be used in accordance with the OSHA respiratory protection standard (29 CFR ). Gloves and eye protection should also be worn.

* The work area should be unoccupied. Removing people from spaces adjacent to the work area is not necessary, but is recommended for infants (less than 12 months old), persons recovering from recent surgery, immune-suppressed, or people with respiratory diseases.

* Containment of the work area is not necessary. However, misting and Dust abatement|dust suppression is recommended.

* Contaminated materials that cannot be cleaned should be removed from the building in sealed impermeable plastic bags and disposed of as ordinary waste.

* The work area(s) used by workers for access/egress should be cleaned with a damp cloth or mop and a detergent.

* All areas should be left dry and visibly free of contamination and debris.

Mold growth, assessment, and remediation - Level II
Mid-sized Isolated Areas (10-30 sq ft) – for example, individual wallboard panels.

* Remediation can be conducted by the regular building staff as long as they are trained as for Level I. Personal protective equipment#Respiratory protection|Respiratory protection, occupation of the work and adjacent areas, and handling of contaminated materials are the same as for Level I.

* Surfaces in the work area that could become contaminated should be covered with sheet(s) of plastic that are secured in place. This should be done prior to any remediation process to prevent further contamination.

* Dust suppression methods, such as misting (not soaking) surface prior to remediation, are recommended.

* The work area(s) used by workers for access/egress should be HEPA vacuumed and cleaned with a damp cloth or mop and a detergent.

* As with Level I, all areas should be left dry and visibly free of contamination and debris.

Mold growth, assessment, and remediation - Level III
* Occupational hygiene|Industrial hygienists or other environmental health and safety professionals with experience performing microbial investigations and/or mold remediation should be consulted prior to remediation activities to provide oversight for the project.

* It is recommended that personnel be trained in the handling of Dangerous goods|hazardous materials and equipped with respiratory protection (N-95 disposable respirator). Respirators must be used in accordance with OSHA respiratory protection standard (29 CFR ) Gloves and eye protection should also be worn.

* Surfaces in the work area and areas directly adjacent that could become Contamination|contaminated should be covered with a secured plastics sheet(s) before remediation to contain dust/debris and prevent further contamination.

* Seal Duct (HVAC)|ventilation ducts/grills in the work area and areas directly adjacent with plastic sheeting.

* The work area and areas directly adjacent should be unoccupied. Removing people from spaces adjacent to the work area is not necessary, but is recommended for infants (less than 12 month old), persons recovering from recent surgery, immune-suppressed or people with respiratory diseases.

* The work area/areas used by workers for access/egress should be HEPA vacuumed and cleaned with a damp cloth or mop and a detergent.

Mold growth, assessment, and remediation - Level IV
Extensive Contamination (greater than 100 contiguous sq. ft in an area).

*Personnel trained in handling of hazardous materials and equipped with:

** Full face respirators with HEPA cartridges

** Disposable protective clothing covering the entire body including the head, shoes and hands

** Complete isolation of the work area from occupied spaces using plastic sheeting sealed with duct tape ( including ventilation duct/grills, fixtures, and other openings

* The use of an exhaust fan with a HEPA filter to generate negative pressurization, a Quarantine|decontamination room, and airlocks

* The contained area and decontamination room should be HEPA vacuumed and cleaned with a damp cloth or mopped with a detergent solution and be visibly clean prior to the removal of any isolation barrier.

In conclusion, after the moisture source has been eliminated and the mold growth removed, the premises should be revisited and then re-evaluated to ensure the mold growth and the remediation process was successful. The premises should be free of any moldy smells or visible growth.

Mold growth, assessment, and remediation - Mold prevention and control
In order to avoid mold from growing in your home one should do the following:

* Clean and repair roof gutters on a regular basis so that moisture will not seep into one's house from the gutters

* If one is using an air conditioning machine one should make sure to keep drip pans clean; also make sure the drain lines are not being obstructed by anything so that it can flow properly

* Humidity in the indoor environment is a major problem that can lead to mold growth if it is not kept below sixty percent. If one is not sure what the humidity level is in your home one can purchase a humidity meter at any hardware store.

* If one sees any moisture or condensation, one should act quickly by drying the wet surface and find the water source so it can be avoided in the future.

* Any exposed structural wood or wood framing should be encapsulated with an EPA approved fungicidal encapsulation coating after pre-cleaning methods have been applied. Areas of typical concern can be found in homes that have a crawl space and unfinished basement. Attic's with poor ventilation can have spikes of high humidity throughout the year and can benefit from using an EPA approved fungicidal encapsulation coating.

Mold growth, assessment, and remediation - Hidden mold
After a major storm or flood one should look out for any signs of hidden mold growth

East Side Gallery - Remediation
Two-thirds of the paintings are badly damaged by erosion, graffiti, and vandalism. One-third have been restored by a non-profit organization which started work in The objective of this organization is the eventual restoration and preservation of all the paintings. Full restoration, particularly of the central sections, was projected for Remediation began in May 2009.

The restoration process has been marked by major conflict. Eight of the artists of 1990 refused to paint their own images again after they were completely destroyed by the renovation. In order to defend the copyright, they founded Founder Initiative East Side with other artists whose images were simply copied without permission.[ Monument or Disneyland?] FOCUS Online

Bodo Sperling launched a test case in the Berlin State Court in May 2011, represented by the Munich art lawyer Hannes Hartung and with the support of the German VG Bild-Kunst

Urban ecology - Need for remediation
The Long View: Urban Remediation through Landscape and Architecture

Bioremediation Some examples of bioremediation related technologies are phytoremediation, bioventing, bioleaching, landfarming, bioreactor, composting, bioaugmentation, rhizofiltration, and biostimulation

Bioremediation Microorganisms used to perform the function of bioremediation are known as 'bioremediators'

Bioremediation Phytoremediation is useful in these circumstances because natural plants or transgenic plants are able to bioaccumulate these toxins in their above-ground parts, which are then harvested for removal

Bioremediation The elimination of a wide range of pollutants and wastes from the environment requires increasing our understanding of the relative importance of different pathways and regulatory networks to carbon flux in particular environments and for particular compounds, and they will certainly accelerate the development of bioremediation technologies and biotransformation processes.

Bioremediation - Genetic engineering approaches
The use of genetic engineering to create organisms specifically designed for bioremediation has great potential. The bacteria|bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans (the most radioresistance|radioresistant organism known) has been modified to consume and digest toluene and ionic mercury (element)|mercury from highly radioactive nuclear waste.

Bioremediation - Genetic engineering approaches
Releasing genetically augmented organisms into the environment may be problematic as tracking them can be difficult; bioluminescence genes from other species may be inserted to make this easier.

Bioremediation - Mycoremediation
'Mycoremediation' is a form of bioremediation in which fungi are used to decontaminate the area. The term mycoremediation refers specifically to the use of fungal mycelium|mycelia in bioremediation.

The key to mycoremediation is determining the right fungal species to target a specific pollutant

In one conducted experiment, a plot of soil contaminated with Diesel fuel|diesel oil was inoculated with mycelia of oyster mushrooms; traditional bioremediation techniques (bacteria) were used on control plots

Two species of the Ecuadorian fungus Pestalotiopsis are capable of consuming Polyurethane in aerobic and anaerobic conditions such as found at the bottom of landfills.

'Mycofiltration' is a similar process, using fungal mycelia to filter toxic waste and microorganisms from water in soil.

Bioremediation - Advantages
There are a number of cost/efficiency advantages to bioremediation, which can be employed in areas that are inaccessible without Earthworks (engineering)|excavation

Bioremediation - Monitoring bioremediation
The process of bioremediation can be monitored indirectly by measuring the Oxidation Reduction Potential or redox in soil and groundwater, together with pH, temperature, oxygen content, electron acceptor/donor concentrations, and concentration of breakdown products (e.g. carbon dioxide). This table shows the (decreasing) biological breakdown rate as function of the redox potential.

This, by itself and at a single site, gives little information about the process of Environmental remediation|remediation.

# It is necessary to sample (statistics)|sample enough points on and around the contaminated site to be able to determine contour line|contours of equal redox potential. Contouring is usually done using specialised software, e.g. using Kriging interpolation.

# If all the measurements of redox potential show that electron acceptors have been used up, it is in effect an wikt:indicator|indicator for total microbial activity. Chemical analysis is also required to determine when the levels of contaminants and their breakdown products have been reduced to below regulatory limits.

Injection well - Waste site remediation
[ EPA Announces Cleanup Plan for Contaminated Soil and Ground Water at Central Islip Superfund Site.] Example of use of ozonation wells for remediation in situ.

Geobiology - Bioremediation
One example of geobiological research in a modern context is the study of bacteria that breathe metals such as manganese and uranium. These organisms use metals as terminal electron acceptors in the same way that animals use oxygen. These processes hold promise as tools for natural environment|environmental bioremediation.

Dubois Area School District - College remediation rate
According to a Pennsylvania Department of Education study released in January 2009, 14% of the Dubois Area Senior High School graduates required remediation in mathematics and or reading before they were prepared to take college level courses in the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education or community colleges.Pennsylvania College Remediation Report Less than 66% of Pennsylvania high school graduates, who enroll in a four-year college in Pennsylvania, will earn a bachelor's degree within six years

Kirtland Field - Remediation
There are no approved plans for Environmental remediation|remediation of either the liquid or the dissolved portion of the jet fuel plume. New Mexico officials estimated in 2010 when the fuel spill was thought to be only 8 million gallons, the cleanup could cost $100 million, and have maintained that the Air Force's original plan to clean up the spill could take 56 years.

Arbuscular mycorrhizae - Phytoremediation
The use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in ecological restoration projects (phytoremediation) has been shown to enable host plant establishment on degraded soil and improve soil quality and health.

Disturbance of native plant communities in desertification-threatened areas is often followed by degradation of physical and biological soil properties, soil structure, nutrient availability, and organic matter.

When restoring disturbed land, it is essential to replace not only the above ground vegetation but also the biological and physical soil properties.

A relatively new approach to restoring land and protecting against desertification is to inoculate the soil with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi with the reintroduction of vegetation

Inoculation with native AM fungi increased plant uptake of phosphorus, improving plant growth and health. The results support the use of AM fungi as a biological tool in the restoration of biotopes to self-sustaining ecosystems.

Auditory processing disorder - Remediation and training
There is a lack of well-conducted evaluations of intervention using randomized controlled trial methodology

Treating additional issues related to APD can result in success. For example, treatment for phonological disorders (difficulty in speech) can result in success in terms of both the phonological disorder as well as APD. In one study, speech therapy improved auditory evoked potentials (a measure of brain activity in the auditory portions of the brain).

While there is evidence that language training is effective for improving APD, there is no current research supporting the following APD treatments:

* Auditory Integration Training typically involves a child attending two 30-minute sessions per day for ten days.

* Lindamood-Bell Learning Processes (particularly, the Visualizing and Verbalizing program)

* Physical activities that require frequent crossing of the midline (e.g., occupational therapy)

* Sound Field Amplification

* Neuro-Sensory Educational Therapy

Metagenomics - Environmental remediation
Metagenomics can improve strategies for monitoring the impact of pollutants on ecosystems and for cleaning up contaminated environments. Increased understanding of how microbial communities cope with pollutants improves assessments of the potential of contaminated sites to recover from pollution and increases the chances of bioaugmentation or biostimulation trials to succeed.

Home repair - Remediation of environmental problems
An entire industry of environmental remediation contractors has developed to help home owners resolve these types of problems.

Buffalo River (New York) - Contamination and remediation
The Buffalo River and to a lesser degree its tributaries have been the site of heavy industry, although this has declined in recent decades

Greenhouse gas remediation
'Greenhouse gas removal' projects are a type of climate engineering that seek to remove greenhouse gases from the atmosphere, and thus they tackle the root cause of global warming

Greenhouse gas remediation - Carbon sequestration
A wide range of techniques for carbon sequestration exist. These range from ideas to remove carbon dioxide| from the atmosphere (carbon dioxide air capture), flue gases (carbon capture and storage) and by preventing carbon in biomass from re-entering the atmosphere, such as with Bio-energy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS).

Greenhouse gas remediation - Chlorofluorocarbon photochemistry
Atmospheric chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) removal is an idea which suggests using lasers to break up CFCs, an important family of greenhouse gases, in the atmosphere.

Greenhouse gas remediation - Methane removal
Methane potentially poses major challenges for remediation. It is around 20 times as powerful a greenhouse gas as . Large quantities may be outgassed from permafrost and clathrates as a result of global warming, notably in the Arctic.

There are existing climate engineering proposals. Methane is removed by several Methane#Removal processes|natural processes, which can be enhanced.

* Chemical decomposition — reaction with hydroxyl radicals produced from photochemical decomposition of ozone in the stratosphere.

Francis E. Warren Air Force Base - Challenge of maintenance, upgrade, environmental remediation
Aging equipment such as analog phone lines or computer systems that still use floppy discs have become a subject of media attention; Former missileers alerted 60 Minutes, which aired a segment about Warren AFB on 27 April 2014.

The USAF plans to spend $19 million on improvements of Warren AFB missile silos and launch control centers in 2014, and is asking for over $600 million The Congressional Budget Office has estimated a cost of $355billion to upgrade the triad of the US nuclear weapons systems including ICBM's, submarines and bombers.

Due to extensive soil and groundwater contamination, the Warren AFB has been a superfund site listed on the National Priorities List (NPL) since February 21, 1990

State College Area School District - College remediation rate
According to a Pennsylvania Department of Education study released in January 2009, 21% of the State College Area High School graduates required remediation in mathematics and or reading before they were prepared to take college level courses in the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education or community colleges

Phragmites - Phytoremediation water treatment
Phragmites australis is one of the main wetland plant species used for phytoremediation water treatment.

Phragmites - Phytoremediation water treatment
Waste water from lavatories and greywater from kitchens is routed to an underground septic tank-like compartment where the solid waste is allowed to settle out. The water then trickles through a constructed wetland or artificial reed bed, where bioremediation bacterial action on the surface of roots and leaf litter removes some of the plant nutrition|nutrients in biotransformation. The water is then suitable for irrigation, groundwater recharge, or release to natural watercourses.

Underbanked - Remediation
There are many microfinance initiatives such as the Grameen Bank which aim to improve the provision of banking and financial services to poor communities.

Pacific Proving Ground - Remediation and compensation
Because of the large amount of atmospheric testing, and especially the Castle Bravo accident of 1954, many of the islands which were part of the Pacific Proving Grounds continue to be contaminated by nuclear fallout, and many of those who were living on the islands at the time of testing have suffered from increased incidence of various types of cancers and birth defects

Pacific Proving Ground - Remediation and compensation
It was calculated in 2010 that during the lifetimes of members of the Marshall Islands population, potentially exposed to ionizing radiation from weapons test fallout deposited during the testing period ( ) and from residual radioactive sources during the subsequent 12 y ( ), perhaps 1.6% (with 90% uncertainty range 0.4% to 3.4%) of all cancers might be attributable to fallout-related radiation exposures

William Allen High School - College Remediation Rate
According to a Pennsylvania Department of Education study released in January 2009, ' 48% of the Allentown School District high school graduates required remediation in mathematics and or reading' before they were prepared to take college level courses in the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education or community colleges

Gold cyanidation - Cyanide remediation processes
The various species of cyanide that remain in tails streams from gold plants are potentially toxic, and on some operations the waste streams are processed through a detoxification process prior to tails deposition

The Inco process can typically reduce cyanide concentrations to below 50mg/L, while the Caro’s acid process can reduce cyanide levels to between 10 and 50mg/L, with the lower concentrations achievable in solution streams rather than slurries. Hydrogen peroxide and alkaline chlorination can also be used, although these are typically less common.

One of the alternative oxidants for the degradation of cyanides that has been attracting industrial interest is Caro’s acid – peroxomonosulphuric acid (H2SO5)

Over 90 mines worldwide now use an Inco SO2/air detoxification circuit to convert cyanide to the much less toxic cyanate before waste is discharged to a tailings pond

North Warning System - Site remediation
The former DEW Line sites were operated using practices and materials accepted by the environmental standards of the time

Education in Pennsylvania - College remediation
According to a Pennsylvania Department of Education study released in January 2009, more than 40% of Pennsylvania high schools' graduates required remediation in mathematics and reading before they were prepared to take college level courses in the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education or community colleges.Pennsylvania College Remediation Report January 2009

Avonworth School District - College remediation
According to a Pennsylvania Department of Education study released in January 2009, '35% of Avonworth School District graduates required remediation in mathematics and or reading before they were prepared to take college level courses' in the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education or community colleges

Pittsburg State University - The Center for the Assessment and Remediation of Reading Difficulties
The Center for the Assessment and Remediation of Reading Difficulties (CARRD) is a non-profit organization dedicated to assisting individuals who have reading difficulties/dyslexia become competent readers through research, assessment, and intervention strategies.

Brassica juncea - Phytoremediation
This plant is used in phytoremediation to remove heavy metals, such as lead, from the soil in hazardous waste sites because it has a higher tolerance for these substances and stores the heavy metals in its cells. The plant is then harvested and disposed of properly. This method is easier and less expensive than traditional methods for the removal of heavy metals. It also prevents erosion of soil from these sites preventing further contamination.

Gentrification of Atlanta - Remediation of displacement
With the understanding that gentrification is a likely inevitable force for the beltline area: The Anne E

Environmental issues in the Niger Delta - Biological remediation
The people of Ogbogu hope to use these methods of bioremediation to improve the quality of drinking water, soil conditions, and the health of their surrounding environment.

This is recognized as another method of bioremediation and scientists are trying to determine whether the properties these microorganisms possess can be utilized for the cleanup of future spills.Okereke, J

However bleak this situation may seem for the Niger Delta region there are clearly alternatives that can be implemented to save it from future contamination

Brofiscin Quarry, Groes Faen - Remediation and costs
In February 2011 The Ecologist and The Guardian reported that Monsanto had agreed to help with the costs of remediation, but did not accept responsibility for the pollution

Brofiscin Quarry, Groes Faen - Remediation and costs
[ Brofiscin Quarry Remediation Scheme

Nocardiaceae - Bioremediation of hydrocarbons
Soil Nocardiaceae can degrade hydrocarbons (e.g. petroleum distillates) and have been proposed as bioremediation agents for environmental spills.Aislabie, J., McLeod, M., and R. Fraser. [ Potential for biodegradation of hydrocarbons in soil from the Ross Dependency, Antarctica]. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. '49':

Cognitive remediation
Cognitive remediation is used to treat the cognitive dysfunction that is associated with a range of neurologic and psychiatric disorders

Cognitive remediation - Training approaches
Hybrid cognitive remediation programs offer both restorative and compensatory approaches.

“thinking about one’s thinking) in cognitive remediation has gained increasing emphasis, as employing analytical skills not only exercises specific neurocognitive abilities, but also increases awareness of cognitive processes in relation to real-world functions.

While the immediate goal of cognitive remediation is to improve cognitive functioning, the ultimate goal is to impact daily functioning. Training activities may be selected to target specific cognitive abilities in the context of an individual’s personal strengths, weaknesses, and unique rehabilitation goals. Thus a fundamental element of cognitive remediation is that a treatment plan may be tailored to suit the specific needs of the individual.

Cognitive remediation - Empirical Support
Empirical support for cognitive remediation in traumatic brain injury and schizophrenia is documented by a wealth of published randomized controlled trials. This literature has been reviewed in meta-analytic studies,

Cognitive remediation - Empirical Support
which typically find moderate to large effect sizes on the impact on neurocognitive performance and functional outcome. Effects on cognitive skill performance in schizophrenia are durable for months after the therapies are withdrawn, particularly in terms of executive functioning, working memory, and verbal memory. Importantly, neurocognitive gains have been linked to improvements in obtaining and working in competitive jobs.

Cognitive remediation - Cognitive Remediation in Clinical Practice
Narrowly defined, CR is a set of cognitive drills or compensatory interventions designed to enhance cognitive functioning. However, from the vantage point of the rehabilitation field, CR engages the participant in a learning activity to enhance the neurocognitive skills relevant to overall recovery goals.

Data suggests that when cognitive remediation is provided to people with schizophrenia, it is most effective when given in the broader context of psychosocial rehabilitation

The learning context in and by which cognitive remediation is implemented is relevant to the strength of the effect of treatment via impact on beliefs about competency to learn, treatment adherence and magnitude of learning.

Cognitive remediation - Comparison to Traditional Medication
This being said, it is now known that lower cost can be a benefit of cognitive remediation

Dyslexia interventions - Academic remediations
With appropriate instruction, dyslexics can become skilled readers. Appropriate remedial instruction includes using:

* Direct, explicit and comprehensive instruction in the structure of language

* A systematic sequence for teaching individual skills

* Structured information from the simple to the complex

* Simultaneous multisensory approaches, including combinations of visual, auditory, and kinesthetic modalities

* Interaction between student and teacher during instruction of new skills

* Reinforcement throughout the day of newly learned skills

* Integrated spelling and handwriting instruction sequence with reading instruction, so that they are mutually reinforcing

* Extended practice for each skill until the student overlearns the skill (see Overlearning and Automaticity)

* Ongoing review of previously learned skills

* Careful pacing to avoid information overload

* Intensive instruction until reading, spelling and writing skills are at grade level.

* Repeated reading to help develop fluency and reading rateUhry, Joanna Kellogg and Diana Brewster Clark (2004). Dyslexia: theory and practice of instruction. Pro-ed publishers. pp ISBN

* Paired reading to help develop fluency and enhance comprehension.

Treasure Island (California) - Remediation and redevelopment
Cleanup crews spent several weeks cleaning the island's coast from the 2007 Cosco Busan oil spill just a few hundred yards from Treasure Island, and the Navy sold the island to the city for $108 million as part of a redevelopment project

Treasure Island (California) - Remediation and redevelopment
By December 17, 2010, Navy contractors had dug up and hauled off of contaminated dirt, some with radiation levels 400 times the Environmental Protection Agency’s human exposure limits for topsoil

Azolla - Bioremediation
Azolla can remove chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, and lead from effluent. It can remove lead from solutions containing ppm.

Electrical resistance heating remediation
'Electrical Resistance Heating' (ERH) is an intensive in situ environmental remediation method that uses the flow of alternating current electricity to heat soil and groundwater and evaporate contaminants

Electrical resistance heating remediation - History
Three-phase heating (see Technology below) was originally created to enhance oil recovery. This design was patented in 1976 by Bill Pritchett of ARCO. The patent has expired and is now available for public use.

Electrical resistance heating remediation - History
Six-phase heating (see Technology below) was created and patented for the US Department of Energy (DOE) in the 1980s for use on DOE sites as well as commercial applications.

Electrical resistance heating remediation - Technology
Electrical resistance heating is used by the environmental restoration industry for remediation of contaminated soil and groundwater

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane and 1,1,1-trichloroethane, hydrolysis can be the primary form of remediation

There are predominantly two electrical load arrangements for ERH: three-phase and six-phase. Three-phase heating consists of electrodes in a repeating triangular or delta pattern. Adjacent electrodes are of a different electrical Polyphase system|phase so electricity conducts between them as shown in Figure 1. The contaminated area is depicted by the green shape while the electrodes are depicted by the numbered circles.

Six-phase heating consists of six electrodes in a hexagonal pattern with a neutral electrode in the center of the array

ERH is typically most effective on volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The chlorinated compounds perchloroethylene, trichloroethylene, and cis- or trans- 1,2-dichloroethylene are contaminants that are easily remediated with ERH. The table shows contaminants that can be remediated with ERH along with their respective boiling points. Less volatile contaminants like xylene or diesel can also be remediated with ERH but energy requirements increase as the volatility decreases.

The electrical energy usage required for heating the subsurface and volatilizing the contaminants can account for 5 to 40% of the overall remediation cost.

There are several laws that govern an ERH remediation. Dalton’s law governs the boiling point of a relatively insoluble contaminant. Raoult’s law governs the boiling point of mutually soluble co-contaminants and Henry’s law governs the ratio of the contaminant in the vapor phase to the contaminant in the liquid phase.

For mutually insoluble compounds Dalton’s Law states that the partial pressure of a non aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) is equal to its vapor pressure, and that the DNAPL|NAPL in contact with water will boil when the vapor pressure of water plus the vapor pressure of the VOC is equal to ambient pressure. When a VOC-steam bubble is formed the composition of the bubble is proportional to the composite’s respective vapor pressures.

For mutually soluble compounds, Raoult’s Law states that the partial pressure of a compound is equal to its vapor pressure times its mole fraction. This means that mutually soluble contaminants will volatilize slower than if there was only one compound present.

Henry’s law describes the tendency of a compound to join air in the vapor phase or dissolve in water. The Henry’s Law constant, sometimes called coefficient, is specific to each compound, varies with temperature, and predicts the amount of contaminant that will stay in the vapor phase or transfer to the liquid phase when exiting the condenser.

Electrical resistance heating remediation - Weaknesses
*Weaknesses of ERH include heat losses on small sites. Treatment volumes that have a large surface area but are thin with respect to depth will have significant heat losses which makes ERH less efficient. The minimum treatment interval for efficient ERH remediation is approximately 10 vertical feet.

*Co-contaminants like oil or grease make remediation more difficult. Oil and grease cause a Raoult’s Law effect which requires more energy to remove the contaminants.

*Peat or high organic carbon in the subsurface will preferentially adsorb VOCs due to van der Waals force|van der Waals forces. This preferential adsorption will increase the amount of energy required to remove the VOCs from the subsurface.

*Fuel sites are less-commonly treated by ERH because other less-expensive remediation technologies are available and because fuel sites are usually thin (resulting in significant heat losses).

*Sites within landfills are also challenging because metallic debris can distort the electric current paths. ERH is more uniform in natural soil or rock.

For More Information, Visit:
The Art of Service

Remediation https://store.theartofservice.com/the-remediation-toolkit.html.

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "Remediation https://store.theartofservice.com/the-remediation-toolkit.html."— Presentation transcript:

Similar presentations

About project

Feedback

Log in

Auth with social network:

Remediation https://store.theartofservice.com/the-remediation-toolkit.html.

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "Remediation https://store.theartofservice.com/the-remediation-toolkit.html."— Presentation transcript:

Similar presentations

About project

Feedback