1. Chapter 3: Input, Output, and Storage

2. Chapter 3: Input, Output, and Storage
Learning Objectives:
Define input and describe the available types of keyboards and pointing devices
Describe scanning and image-capturing device types and features
Define output and explain the types of output devices available
Differentiate between types of monitors and explain their features
Differentiate between types of printers and identify the best printer for a task

3. Chapter 3: Input, Output, and Storage
Learning Objectives (continued):
Classify storage devices according to their capacities, interface, and media
Explain cloud and network storage and identify online and network-based storage technologies

4. Keyboards
QWERTY: The standard layout for the English language keyboards.
Special Keys:
Function keys: perform special actions (F1 through F12).
Toggle keys: turn a feature on or off (such as Caps Lock and Num Lock).
Modifier keys change the meaning of other keys when they are pressed in combination with them (such as Shift, Ctrl, Alt).
Positional keys scroll the display or move the insertion point (such as Home, End and Page Up / Down).

5. Specialty Keyboards
A wireless keyboard does not require a cable connection to the computer.
An ergonomic keyboard is designed with features that help reduce stress on the user’s hands and wrists.
A bilingual keyboard has characters in more than one language on its keys.

6. Pointing Devices
Pointing Device: is a hardware that enables you to move an onscreen pointer in a graphical user interface.
Mouse: A pointing device that the user moves with his or her hand across a flat surface to move an onscreen pointer.
Mechanical (Ball) or Optical (LED).
Wired (Corded) or Wireless (Cordless) via a transmitter.

7. Pointing Devices
Trackball: moves the pointer when a user rolls a ball with his or her fingers.
Touchpad: a touch-sensitive pad on which the user drags a finger to move the pointer.
Touchscreen: a touch-sensitive display monitor that functions both as an input and an output device.
Joystick: a vertically mounted stick that can be tilted in any direction.
Trackball
Touchpad
Joystick

8. Drawing Tablet
Drawing tablet (digitizing tablet): is a specialized type of touchpad designed for drawing.
Stylus: A pen-shaped pointer used to drag across the surface of a touch-sensitive screen.

9. Sensory Input Devices
Portable devices have new types of input technology that detect direction, motion, and/or location.
Global Positioning System (GPS): to detect the location.
Accelerometer: tell how fast you are moving.
Compass: report what direction you are facing.
Gyroscope: report the orientation of the device.
Game using a Gyroscope

10. Scanning Devices
A scanner digitizes hard-copy photos and documents and stores them electronically.
Uses a photosensitive charge-coupled device (CCD).
Scanners Types: Flatbed scanner and Document feeder.
Multi-function device (MFD) includes a printer, copier, and scanner functions into one unit.
Flatbed Scanner
MFD with Document feeder

11. Other Input Devices
Bar code reader: A scanner that reads and interprets bar codes such as UPC symbols.
Universal Product Code (UPC: the bar code that identifies a product.
QR code: A two-dimensional variant of a bar code, containing more information than a traditional bar code.
Bar code reader used to scan a UPC
QR Code

12. Other Input Devices Magnetic card reader Fingerprint scanner
Radio Frequency (RF) ID chip
Magnetic character recognition (MICR)

13. Capture Devices
Digital camera: A camera that captures and stores still images in digital form.
Digital video camera.
Frame A still image that makes up part of a digital video clip.
Webcam: A digital video camera that must remain connected to a computer as it operates.

14. Audio Input Devices
Audio Adapter (Sound Card): is component of a computer system that accepts and processes audio input and delivers audio output.
Voice recognition software: Software that recognizes spoken words that match words in its database to digitize spoken language.
Speech recognition software: Software that can learn an individual’s pronunciation and vocal inflection and translate it into digitized text.

15. Display Screens
Display screen: A video screen that a computer uses to provide output to a human user.
Display is made up of individual dots called pixels.
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) A flat-screen display technology that passes electricity through liquid crystals to create a display image.
Some new mobile devices use organic light-emitting diode (OLED)

16. Display Screens
Active Matrix: An LCD type in which each pixel is actively maintained by a separate transistor.
Thin-film transistor An improved type of active matrix common in modern monitors and display screens.
Passive matrix: An LCD type in which each pixel maintains its state on its own until it decays or is refreshed.

17. Display Screens
A high-definition TV (HDTV) can also be used as a computer monitor by connecting the computer to one of its high-definition multimedia interface (HDMI) input ports.

18. CRT Display Screen
Cathode ray tube (CRT) is an older monitor technology that uses a large vacuum tube and electron guns to create a display image.

19. Specialized Monitor Types
E-paper: A monitor technology used in book readers in which the screen retains its image but is unpowered except when the display changes.
Digital (Smart) whiteboard A whiteboard that is connected to a computer, so that whatever is written on the board is saved on the computer.

20. Resolution
Display Adapter The component that communicates instructions from the operating system to the display.
Resolution: The number of pixels that comprise a display, horizontally and vertically.
Each display screen has a maximum resolution.

21. Other Measures of Monitor Performance
Aspect Ratio The ratio of width to height on a display screen, such as 4:3 (standard) or 16:9 (wide).
Refresh rate: Number of times per second each pixel is refreshed.
Color depth: Number of bits required to describe the color of each pixel.

22. Printers
Printers generate hard copy—that is, physical printed pages you can hold in your hands.
Factors to consider when selecting a printer.
Initial cost
Per-page cost (consumables)
Resolution (dots per inch or dpi)
Speed (Pages Per Minute)
Color (Black and White or Color)
Paper handling (single side or duplex)
Interface (connectivity: Wired or Wireless)
Multiple functions (Is it an MFD? Scanner? Copier? Fax?)

23. Inkjet Printers
Inkjet Printer: A printer that squirts (sprays) ink onto paper with small nozzles (jets) to form the page image.
Separate ink cartridges:

24. Laser Printers
Laser printer A printer that forms the page image by transferring toner to the paper via a rotating drum with electrical charges.
Toner: The powdered mixture of plastic and iron used to form the image on a laser printer.
Fuser: The heating element in a laser printer that melts the toner, fusing it to the paper.

25. Specialized Printers
Thermal printer: A printer that transfers images to paper using heat.
Types include: Direct thermal , thermal wax transfer and thermal dye transfer.
Plotter: A large-format printer that creates high precision documents such as maps and engineering drawings.

26. Storage Devices
Primary Storage The system RAM in a computer where processed data is first stored after it exits the CPU.
Secondary Storage: Storage that retains data after the computer is turned off, such as a hard disk drive, DVD, or USB flash drive.
Secondary storage devices are nonvolatile, so they don’t lose their contents when the computer’s power is turned off.

27. Evaluations of storage
Storage devices are evaluated in these ways:
Capacity
Cost
Access speed
Interface
Media type
Portability
Removability

28. Data Storage Basics
File: A group of related bits stored together under a single name.
Folder: A logical organizing unit for grouping related files together.
Subfolder: A folder within another folder.
Volume: A physical storage device, or a portion of one, that is assigned an identifying letter. Sometimes used interchangeably with drive, but a physical drive may actually contain multiple volumes.
Disk: One or more platters on which data is stored. Spelled disc when referring to the optical type (DVDs, CDs).
Drive: The mechanical components that read and write the data on a disk.

29. Data Storage Basics

30. Hard Disk Drive (HDD)
Hard Disk Drive (HDD) A mechanical drive with an integrated set of disk platters that store data in patterns of magnetic polarity.
Read-write heads access the stored data.
Data is stored in binary form in changes between positive and negative magnetic polarity.

31. Hard Disk Drive (HDD)
A cluster is grouping of sector.

32. Hard Disk Drive (HDD)
An HDD can be internal or external, but most are internal, installed inside the system unit.
An internal HDD connects to the motherboard using either a parallel ATA (PATA) or serial ATA (SATA) cable.
An external HDD connects to a port on the outside of the system unit, may use a USB port, a FireWire (IEEE 1394a) port, or an external SATA (eSATA) port.
External HDD
SATA cable

33. Optical Drives
Optical Drive uses a light beam and sensor to read discs where the data stored in patterns of greater and lesser reflectivity, such as a DVD or CD.
The shiny areas are called land, and the less-shiny areas are called pits.

34. Optical Discs
Types:
Compact Disc (CD): used for storing music and data, holding up to 900 MB.
Digital Versatile Disc (DVD): used for storing standard- definition movies and data, holding up to 4.17 GB per side per layer.
Blu-ray disc (BD): An optical disc used for storing high-definition movies and data, holding up to 25 GB per layer.

35. Optical Discs
All three types of discs can be read-only (ROM), recordable once (R), or rewriteable (RW).
To record or rewrite a disc, you must have a drive with that capability that supports the type of disc you are using.
DVDs come in two competing recordable and rewriteable standards, abbreviated as plus and minus signs, like this: DVD+R and DVD-R.

36. Solid-State Drives
Solid-state storage devices such as USB flash drives are technically neither discs nor drives, because they have no platters and no moving parts.
However, they are commonly referred to as drives anyway, as in the term solid-state drive (SSD).

37. Solid-State Drives
Solid-State Drives use a form of EEPROM (memory) to store data.
Solid-State Hard Drive (SSHD): A high-capacity solid-state storage device that substitutes for an HDD as the main storage drive in a computer.
To balance between performance and cost, some systems have both a small SSD and a larger HDD.
Hybrid drives are also available that combine the two technologies in a single physical unit.

38. Network Volumes
Direct-Attached storage (DAS): Storage that is directly connected to the computer that accesses it.
Network-Attached Storage (NAS): Storage that is accessed via a network.
NAS appliance: A specialized device that provides storage space to network users.
Storage-Area Network (SAN): A distributed storage system that appears to each individual computer as a local volume on that computer.
Used by large organizations.

39. RAID
Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks (RAID): A multi-disk storage system that optimizes performance, data safety, or both, depending on the type:
RAID0: Uses striping for performance.
Striping: Spreading the data across multiple drives to improve performance or protect the data.
RAID1: Mirroring for data security.
RAID5: Striping with parity, for both performance and data security.

40. Cloud-Based Storage
A cloud is a secure computing environment consisting of a set of remote servers that users access via the Internet.
A cloud can include applications, communication with other users, and storage space (cloud storage).

41. Key Terms active matrix direct-attached storage (DAS)
hard disk drive (HDD)
aspect ratio
disk
high-definition multimedia interface (HDMI)
audio adapter
display adapter
bar code reader
display screen
high-definition TV (HDTV)
Blu-ray disc (BD)
dithering
impact printer
cathode ray tube (CRT)
document feeder
inkjet printer
charge-coupled device
dot matrix
input device
cloud
dots per inch (dpi)
insertion point
cloud storage
drawing tablet
joystick
cluster
drive
laser printer
color depth
drum
liquid crystal display (LCD)
compact disc (CD)
duplexing
lumens
consumables
electromagnetic interference (EMI)
magnetic card reader
cost per page
magnetic-ink character recognition (MICR)
cylinder
e-paper
digital camera
ergonomic keyboard
maximum resolution
digital projector
file
mechanical mouse
digital versatile disc (DVD)
flatbed scanner
digital video camera
folder
digital whiteboard
frame
digitize
fuser
direct thermal printer
hard copy

42. Key Terms (continued) mouse read/write head trackball
multi-function device
redundant array of inexpensive disks (RAID)
transceiver
NAS appliance
triad
network-attached storage (NAS)
refresh rate
Universal Product Code (UPC)
resolution
virtual keyboard
non-impact printer
secondary storage
voice recognition software
optical drive
sector
volume
optical mark recognition (OMR)
solid-state hard drive (SSHD)
webcam
speech recognition software
wireless keyboard
optical mouse
storage-area network (SAN)
wireless mouse
organic light-emitting diode (OLED)
striping
stylus
passive matrix
subfolder
pixel
thermal dye transfer printer
plotter
thermal printer
powered speakers
thermal wax transfer printer
primary storage
thin-film transistor (TFT)
QR code
toner
QWERTY
touch screen
radio frequency identification (RFID) chip
touchpad
track

43. Summary
1 . List three input devices and three output devices. 2 . How do wireless input devices communicate with the computer? 3 . Explain briefly how LCD and CRT technologies form screen images. 4 . List three types of printers and give an example of an appropriate use for each one. 5 . Explain how HDD and SSHD differ internally. 6 . Differentiate between DAS, NAS, SAN, and cloud storage.