1. Week 1
Unit Conversions
Conservation of Mass
Ideal Gas
Newtonian Fluids, Reynolds No.
Week 2
Pressure Loss in Pipe Flow
Pressure Loss Examples
Flow Measurement and Valves
Pump Calcs and Sizing

2. found on Moody Chart handout
Friction Losses in Pipes
found on Moody Chart handout
Determine the pressure drop of water, moving through a 5 cm diameter, 100 m long pipe at an average velocity of 5 m/s. The density of the water is 1000 kg/m3 and the viscosity is Pa.s. The pipe roughness is 0.05 mm.

3. 1000 gallons of wort is transferred from a kettle through a 100 m long, 4 cm diameter pipe with a roughness of 0.01 mm. The wort flows at an average velocity of 1.2 m/s and assume that its physical properties are the same as those of water (μ = Pa.s).
Determine the time required to transfer all of the wort to the boil kettle, in min.
Determine the Reynolds Number.
Determine the pressure drop in the pipe.

4. Head/Pressure loss in Fittings and Valves Reference Sheet
Head vs. P
Head/Pressure loss in Fittings and Valves Reference Sheet

5. Consider the previous example
Consider the previous example. How would the pressure drop change if the pipework included twelve 90 elbows and one fully open globe valve?

6. Valves – Globe Valve Single Seat - Good general purpose
- Good seal at shutoff
Double Seat
- Higher flow rates
- Poor shutoff (2 ports)
Three-way
- Mixing or diverting
- As disc adjusted, flow to one channel increased, flow to other decreased

7. Valves – Butterfly Valve
Low Cost
“Food Grade”
Poor flow control
Can be automated

8. Valves – Mix-proof Double Seat
Two separate sealing elements keeping the two fluids separated.
Keeps fluids from mixing
Immediate indication of failure
Automated, Sanitary apps
Easier and Cheaper than
using many separate valves

10. Valves – Gate Valve
Little flow control, simple, reliable

11. Valves – Ball Valve
Very little pressure loss, little flow control

12. Valves – Brewery Applications
Product Routing – Tight shutoff, material compatibility, CIP critical
Butterfly and mixproof
Service Routing – Tight shutoff and high temperature and pressure
Ball, Gate, Globe
Flow Control – Precise control of passage area
Globe (and needle), Butterfly
Pressure Relief – Control a downstream pressure

13. Flow Measurement Principle:
Bernoulli Equation
Notice how this works for static fluids.

14. Flow Measurement – Orifice Meter
Cd accounts for frictional loss,  0.65
Simple design, fabrication
High turbulence, significant uncertainty P1 P2

15. Flow Meas. – Venturi Meter
Less frictional losses, Cd  0.95
Low pressure drop, but expensive
Higher accuracy than orifice plate P1 P2

16. Flow Meas. – Variable Area/Rotameter
Inexpensive, good flow rate indicator
Good for liquids or gases
No remote sensing, limited accuracy

17. Flow Measurement - Pitot Tube
Direct velocity measurement (not flow rate)
Measure P with gauge, transducer, or manometer P1 P2 v

18. Flow Measurement – Weir
Open channel flow, height determines flow
Inexpensive, good flow rate indicator
Good for estimating flow to sewer
Can measure height using ultrasonic meter

19. Flow Measurement – Thermal Mass
Measure gas or liquid temperature upstream and downstream of heater
Must know specific heat of fluid
Know power going to heater
Calculate flow rate

20. Flow Measurement – Magnetic
Faradays Law
Magnetic field applied to the tube
Voltage created proportional to velocity
Requires a conducting fluid (non-DI water)

21. Flow Measurement – Magnetic

22. Pumps
z = static head
hf = head loss due to friction
Suction
Pump
Delivery

23. Pumps

24. Pumps
Calculate the theoretical pump power required to raise 1000 m3 per day of water from 1 bar to 16 bar pressure.
If the pump efficiency is 55%, calculate the shaft power required.
Denisity of Water = 1000 kg/m3
1 bar = 100 kPa

25. Pumps Tank B Tank A 4 m 15 m Pipe Diameter, 50 mm Fittings = 5 m 8 m
A pump, located at the outlet of tank A,
must transfer 10 m3 of fluid into tank B
in 20 minutes or less. The water level in
tank A is 3 m above the pump, the pipe
roughness is 0.05 mm, and the pump
efficiency is 55%. The fluid density is
975 kg/m3 and the viscosity is
Pa.s. Both tanks are at atmospheric
pressure. Determine the total head and
pump input and output power.
4 m
Tank B
15 m
Pipe Diameter, 50 mm
Fittings =
5 m
Tank A
8 m

26. Need Available NPSH > Pump Required NPSH
Pumps
Need Available NPSH > Pump Required NPSH
Avoid Cavitation
z = static head
hf = head loss due to friction

27. Pumps Tank B Tank A 4 m 15 m Pipe Diameter, 50 mm Fittings = 5 m 8 m
A pump, located at the outlet of tank A,
must transfer 10 m3 of fluid into tank B
in 20 minutes or less. The water level in
tank A is 3 m above the pump, the pipe
roughness is 0.05 mm, and the pump
efficiency is 55%. The fluid density is
975 kg/m3 and the viscosity is
Pa.s. The vapor pressure is 50 kPa and
the tank is at atmospheric pressure.
Determine the available NPSH.
4 m
Tank B
15 m
Pipe Diameter, 50 mm
Fittings =
5 m
Tank A
8 m

28. Pump Sizing
Volume Flow Rate (m3/hr or gpm)
Total Head, h (m or ft)
2a. P (bar, kPa, psi)
Power Output (kW or hp)
NPSH Required

29. Pumps Centrifugal Impeller spinning inside fluid
Kinetic energy to pressure
Flow controlled by Pdelivery
Positive Displacement
Flow independent of Pdelivery
Many configurations

30. Centrifugal Pumps
Delivery
Impeller
Volute Casting
Suction

31. Centrifugal Pumps
Flow accelerated (forced by impeller)
Then, flow decelerated (pressure increases)
Low pressure at center “draws” in fluid
Pump should be full of liquid at all times
Flow controlled by delivery side valve
May operate against closed valve
Seal between rotating shaft and casing

32. Centrifugal Pumps
Advantages
Simple construction, many materials
No valves, can be cleaned in place
Relatively inexpensive, low maintenance
Steady delivery, versatile
Operates at high speed (electric motor)
Wide operating range (flow and head)
Disadvantages
Multiple stages needed for high pressures
Poor efficiency for high viscosity fluids
Must prime pump

33. Increasing Impeller Diameter
Centrifugal Pumps
H-V Chart
Increasing Impeller Diameter
Head
(or P)
A B C
Volume Flow Rate

34. Increasing Efficiency
Centrifugal Pumps
H-Q Chart
Increasing Efficiency
Head
(or P)
Required NPSH
A B C
Volume Flow Rate

35. Centrifugal Pumps
H-Q Chart
Head
(or P)
A B C
Volume Flow Rate

36. Required Flow Capacity
Centrifugal Pumps
H-Q Chart
Required Flow Capacity
Head
(or P)
Actual Flow Capacity
Required Power
Volume Flow Rate

37. Pump Sizing Example
Requirements
100 gpm
45 feet of head
Choose the proper impeller
Determine the power input to the pump

38. Pressure Drop Example
Water flows through a 10 cm diameter, 300 m long pipe at a velocity of 2 m/s. The density is 1000 kg/m3, the viscosity is Pa.s and the pipe roughness is 0.01 mm. Determine:
a. Volume flow rate, in m3/s
b. Mass flow rate in kg/s
c. Pressure loss through the pipe, in Pa
d. Head loss through the pipe meters