1. February 8, 2017

2. Todays Schedule Warm-Up: HIPPO Sourcing Worksheet
Review 2002 DBQ Essay: Take out a sheet of notebook paper and be prepared to write answers to questions.
Write DBQ Essay

3. DBQ Analysis and Organization
DBQ STEP 1:
Analyzing the Prompt

4. 2. What were the Christian attitudes toward merchants?
Using the documents, compare and contrast the attitudes of Christianity and Islam toward merchants and trade from the religions’ origins until about 1500
Question
What is the prompt asking for?
Are there any terms or words that you don’t understand?
What is the question asking for?
Can anything be eliminated?
1. Are there recognizable attitudes?
3. What were the Muslim attitudes toward merchants
2. What were the Christian attitudes toward merchants?

5. FROM THE 2002 WORLD HISTORY AP EXAMINATION
Using the documents, compare and contrast the attitudes of Christianity and Islam toward merchants and trade from the religions’ origins until about 1500.
4. Are there indications of change over time in either case, or both?
5. What kinds of additional documents would you need to assess the consequences of these attitudes on merchant activities?

6. Prior Knowledge About Christianity: Prior Knowledge About Islam:6

7. Historical Background
Christianity and Islam were two dominant and growing religions from the 1st and 7th century, respectively. Trade in the two religions differed greatly at first, one believing that it was sinful, the other embraced it. However, by the end of the Post Classical era, they became increasingly similar. Christian teachings warn against a life of trade, whereas Muslims endorse trade as an accepted way of life (Docs 1,2,3,6). Even with these differences both preach the necessity of fair trade (Docs 2,4,5,7). By the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, Muslims and Christians both changed. Muslims demanding fairer trade and Christians becoming more welcoming of trade (Docs 4,5,6,7).

8. Document 1: Source: Christian Bible, New Testament (Matthew), about 70 – 80 C.E. Then said Jesus unto his disciples, Verily I say unto you, That a rich man shall hardly enter into the kingdom of heaven. And again I say unto you, It is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle, than for a rich man to enter into the kingdom of God.

9. ANALYSIS: DOCUMENT 1
7. Who is the author of the text or what is the source of the document?
8. Provide any relevant information about the author (gender, religious affiliation, background, socioeconomic class, ethnicity, etc.) or about the source.
9. When was the text written?
Matthew; New Testament Bible
Christian Biblical Text, one of Jesus’s disciples. The Old Testament records the giving of God's Law, and the New Testament shows how Jesus the Messiah fulfilled that Law
70 – 80 C.E

10. 10. What is the author’s or source’s point of view or opinion. 11
10. What is the author’s or source’s point of view or opinion? 11. What part of the question does the document address?
Intended Audience: Catholic follows or converts
Is it reliable? Yes; Primary Resource
This account is going to be biased toward the Christian faith and will not be of use to show a comparison of faiths.
This document addresses how Christians viewed merchants and trade during early centuries. They viewed it negatively b/c it is not money alone that will gain someone access to heaven.

11. Source: Muslim Qur'an, about 620 – 650 C.E.
Document 2:
Source: Muslim Qur'an, about 620 – 650 C.E.
O ye believers! devour not each other’s property among yourselves unlawfully save that by mutual trading consent.
Woe to the cheaters! who, when they take measure of their dues from men, take it fully; and when they measure out to others or weigh out for them, they give less than is due.
And give full measures when you measure out and weigh with true balance. This is fair and better in the end.
If the two parties speak the truth and make it manifest, their transaction will be blessed, and if they conceal and tell a lie, the blessing of their transaction shall be obliterated.
On the day of judgment, the honest, truthful Muslim merchant will take rank with the martyrs of the faith.
Document 2 continues on next slide

12. ANALYSIS: DOCUMENT 2
12. Who is the author of the text or what is the source of the document?
13. Provide any relevant information about the author (gender, religious affiliation, background, socioeconomic class, ethnicity, etc.) or about the source.
14. When was the text written?
15. What is the author’s or source’s point of view or opinion?
16. What part of the question does the document address?

13. NOW, THAT THERE ARE TWO DOCUMENTS
17. Is this document similar to the previous document?
18. Is any conceivable strategy for organizing documents emerging yet?

14. Document 3: Source: Reginald, monk of Durham, younger contemporary and colleague of St. Godric, The Life of Godric (A twelfth-century British merchant), written before St. Godric’s death in He chose not to follow the life of a husbandman, but rather to study, learn and exercise the rudiment of more subtle conceptions. For this reason, aspiring to the merchant’s trade, he began to follow the chapman's [peddler’s] way of life, first learning how to gain in small bargains and things of insignificant price; and to gain from things of greater expense
Document 3 continues on next slide

15. Thus aspiring ever higher and higher, and yearning upward with his whole heart, at length his great labors and cares bore much fruit of worldly gain. For he labored not only as a merchant but as a shipman to Denmark and Flanders and Scotland; in all which lands he found certain rare, and therefore more precious, wares, which he carried to other parts wherein he knew them to be least familiar, and coveted by the inhabitants beyond the price of gold itself; wherefore he exchanged these wares for others coveted by men of other lands; and thus chaffered [bargained] most freely and assiduously. Hence he made great profit in all his bargains, and gathered much wealth in the sweat of his brow; for he sold dear in one place the wares which he had bought elsewhere at a small price. [But later] he began to yearn for solitude, and to hold his merchandise in less esteem than heretofore.

16. And now he lived sixteen years as a merchant, and began to think of spending on charity, to God’s honor and service, the goods which he had so laboriously acquired. He therefore took the cross as a pilgrim to Jerusalem. Godric was now already firmly disposed to give himself entirely to God’s service. Wherefore, that he might follow Christ more freely, he sold all his possessions and distributed them among the poor. For above all things he coveted the life of a hermit.

17. ANALYSIS OF DOCUMENT 3:
19. Who is the author of the text or what is the source of the document?
20. Provide any relevant information about the author (gender, religious affiliation, background, socioeconomic class, ethnicity, etc.) or about the source.
21. When was the text written?
22. What is the author’s or source’s point of view or opinion?
23. What part of the question does the document address?
24. Is there potential for categorization with previous documents?

18. Be Sure You have Read the Rest of the documents

19. SORTING TIME The easiest categorization is along religious lines
But the religious point of view changes over time
Therefore, it is conceivable to have several groupings within the essay

20. AND DON’T FORGET THE MISSING VOICE
The “missing voice” is the point of view that is missing in the documents
For example, were any of the sources from women?
Were any of the sources from peasants?
Were any of the sources from the landed gentry?
Who was not represented?
In order to receive total points for the basic core points, the student must identify one type of additional document needed and for expanded core points, the need for two or more additional document types must be included

21. AND DON’T FORGET THE QUESTION:
25. “What kinds of additional documents would you need to assess the consequences of these attitudes on merchant activities?”

22. BUT WHAT ABOUT THE THESIS?
Clearly, the thesis is the foundation upon which the essay is built
So, how does the student create a thesis statement for this essay?
-Look at the question again:
-What conclusions reached from the documents answer the question?
Hmmm, it seemed that at first, Christians scorned traders and merchants but then over time, came to see traders and merchants as praised by God. Conversely, Muslims seemed to praise trade and then become more critical of previously acceptable trading practices over time.

23. Students will be presented with group work

24. SAMPLE THESIS PARAGRAPH
While religion concerns matters of the spiritual world, the practitioners of the world’s religions live in the material world, a world of increasing commerce and trade. World religions like Christianity and Islam often had differing views concerning the role of merchants and trade in society but not static views. Indeed, over time, these views often changed. So, while initially Christian theologians scorned merchant activity and Muslims scholars praised it, over time, a reversal of some of these notions actually occurred in both traditions..

25. FINAL REMINDERS: Aim for
-An acceptable, clear, analytical, and comprehensive thesis statement
-Address and show understanding of all documents
-Support thesis with evidence from all documents
-Analyze point of view in all documents
-Analyze documents by grouping or clustering in multiple ways
-Identify the missing voices

26. TO BE PREPARED IS TO SUCCEED
Read for understanding
Consider each document’s point of view
Determine missing voices
Craft a strong thesis statement
Use evidence to support the thesis statement
Write a balanced essay that incorporates all documents

27. NOW.. Students will spend 45 minutes writing their DBQ
45 minute Timer

28. DBQ Muslim vs. Christian Trade written by toni-Ann Peck and plagiarized by Mr. Ramsey

29. Introduction
Christianity and Islam were two dominant and growing religions from the 1st and 7th century, respectively. Trade in the two religions differed greatly at first, one believing that it was sinful, the other embraced it. However, by the end of the Post Classical era, they became increasingly similar. Christian teachings warn against a life of trade, whereas Muslims endorse trade as an accepted way of life (Docs 1,2,3,6). Even with these differences both preach the necessity of fair trade (Docs 2,4,5,7). By the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, Muslims and Christians both changed. Muslims demanding fairer trade and Christians becoming more welcoming of trade (Docs 4,5,6,7). The perspective of a Muslim ruler is missing from these documents. In a letter to his financial advisor he would have expressed his endorsement of trade because it attracted foreigners’ money while simultaneously introducing them to Islam.

30. Contrast ARGUMENT
Christians speak out against trade because it causes people to covet material gain. However, Muslims allow fair commerce. In the Bible, Matthew recounts Jesus’ teachings about merchants, saying that rich men are not likely to go to heaven (Doc. 1). This shows that Christians found trade sinful; likely because of the tie it creates to earthly possessions. This document is very reliable because it was written by one of the founders of Christianity. The Qur’an gives rules governing trade, stating that just transactions will allow a merchant into heaven (Doc. 2). This shows that Muslims find commerce an acceptable practice, and in fact endorse fair trade. This source is extremely reliable because it was written by the founder of Islam. Reginald’s account of St. Godric’s life states that Gordic enjoyed the profits of his trade less and less as he followed Christianity more absolutely, until he stopped and gave to the poor (Doc 3). This shows that the Christian faith requires people to think very little about material wealth, contrary to the requirement of trade to define one’s worth. This document, however, may not be reliable because it was written right before Godric’s death. Reginald could have changed it to make St. Godric out as an outstanding individual based on personal favoritism. Document 6 is a compilation of letters regarding trade. Two from churches haggling to order religious paintings and wool, and on from a mother telling her son to stop trading in hopes of more riches (Doc. 6). The letter from mother to son shows how commerce was adverse to Christianity and undermined it more than anything. All of these documents show that Christians disapproved of trade, unlike Muslims who made it a large part of their lives and religion.

31. Compare argument
Christianity and Islam also shared the value of fair trade; deceitful trade was deplorable to both religions. Document 2 shows that Muslims only support equal trade; unfair commerce is not endorsed by the Qur’an. Thomas Aquinas quotes Matthew in the Bible and Cicero the Roman writer in his theology rebuking fraud (Doc 4). This shows that Christians will not pardon the practice of double dealing. Ibn Khaldun writes that commerce, by definition, is a deceitful practice, full of lies and tricks, but that at the same time, it’s a natural way of life that still requires Muslims to enact the fair exchange of goods (Doc 5). This shows that Muslims also knew the nature of the job they endorsed, and warned against becoming a sinful merchant. The Islamic court of Ankara judged a case where the Turkish weavers’ guild brought up charges against a merchant for unfair purchase and hoarding of materials (Doc 7). This shows the animosity that Muslims hold for unjust commerce. They found it unfair for one person to monopolize on an industry and leave every other merchant of the same trade with nothing. This source is reliable because of its state importance. As a government document, there is little chance of bias being in it. All of these documents show that both Christianity and Islam are shown to oppose deceptive trading practices.

32. Change over time augment
Christian and Muslim attitudes toward trade changes significantly over the years, about switching opinions between them. Document 4 shows that Christians were beginning to accept trade as a common, honest occupation. Document 5 shows how Muslim intellectuals view trade as changing into a disreputable occupation, natural as it was. Document 6 shows that Christians have become use to the trade world, and were using tactics like waiting for a sale and negotiating for lower prices. Document 7 shows that Muslims have come to realize how difficult it is to keep people from cheating each other, and now are calling for fairer trade. All of these documents show that opinions and trade between Christians and Muslims had all but switched places by the fifteenth century. Christians have become more tolerant and accepting to trade, while Muslims have made strict laws concerning trade because of its negativity.