1. ELS - Writing
Lecture 4: Part 1 - INTRO Paraphrasing and summarizing by means of different clauses and sentence patterns

2. Schedule today (three-week series until the midterm)
Plagiarism is done: Citation styles – finish up exercises
PARAPHRASE and SUMMARY By means of: different clause structures and sentence types.
clause
Sentence

3. What will we cover in these 3 classes?
Paraphrase and summary + learn the basic sentence structures:
Clauses – are the main building blocks of sentences:
= group of words that contain a SUBJECT and a VERB
= examples?
2) Different kinds of sentences by combining clauses in different patterns

4. The story of Rosa Parks…
…will guide us through the different clause structures and sentence patterns
But, first “slavery” and “abolitionists”
“segregation” and the “civil rights movement”

5. 1) Clauses
Simply put: a group of related words, which contain a subject and a verb.
It has to express a complete thought
Example: “Rosa Parks is a famous African-American woman.”

6. 1) Clauses: 2 types Clauses are the main building blocks of sentences.
A. Independent clauses:
- the English grammar is easy
- it expresses a complete thought.
- it can be a sentence by itself.
Example: “Parks became famous quite by accident.”

7. 1) Clauses: 2 types B. Dependent clauses: Begins with a “subordinator”
Cannot be a sentence by itself.
Example: Rosa Parks is a famous African-American woman who is often called “the mother of the civil rights movement.”

8. B. Dependent clause Examples:
“(…) no one suspected that she would become the spark that ignited the civil rights movement in the united States.”

9. 2) Sentences in English…
…are built by combining clauses in different patterns:
Simple sentence is one independent clause
Compound sentence is two independent clauses
Complex sentence is one independent and one or more dependent clause
Compound – complex sentence has two independent clauses and one (or more) dependent clauses

10. Sentence patterns
The type of sentence you write depends on your message. When you want to show that ideas are EQUAL, you use more coordinated structures (compound sentences). When ideas are not equal, you can use more subordinated structures such as complex sentences. INTENTION: develop a good writing style by mixing sentence types.

11. Exercise 1 Read the same essay with different sentence types
Questions:
1) What makes the first essay more boring than the second one?
2) Can you identify different sentence types?
3) Which paragraph (from 1 – 4) of the first essay do you find well-written?

13. Answers essay 1
Paragraphs 1 and 4 have too many compound sentences. This style is boring because so many sentences use and as the connector.
Paragraph 2 has too many simple sentences. This style sounds choppy.
Paragraph 3 uses a good mixture of sentences.

15. Exercise 2: Improve this paragraph on a separate sheet of paper
…by using each subordinator once: After although because when Equal rights for women Russian women started to gain equality earlier than women in the US. The concept of equal rights and responsibilities for women was part of the communist philosophy, so Russians of both sexes had equal access to education and jobs from the beginning of the Soviet Union. The 1937 Soviet Constitution declared that women and men had equal rights and responsibilities, but women in the US do not have legal equality even today. An amendment to the US Constitution giving women equal rights has never been approved. Before WW II, few US women worked outside the home. Millions of men left to become soldiers during the war, and women took over their jobs. Suddenly, women discovered that they could do anything. The men returned home, and women began to demand the equality that they had earned.

16. Repetition
QUESTION: WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN QUOTING, PARAPHRASING and SUMMARIZING?

17. Definitions
Quotations (we’ve been there, done that) – must be identical to the original, using a segment of the source word by word and must be attributed to the original author (i.e. cited).
Paraphrase (following 3 weeks) putting a passage from source material into your own words. This must also be attributed to the original author and should always be shorter than the original work (i.e. cited)
Summarize (ibid.) putting the main idea(s) into your own words, including only the main point(s). Once again, it is necessary to attribute summarized ideas to the original source. Summaries are significantly shorter than the original and take a broad overview of the source material.

18. Paraphrase & Summary exercises
Paraphrase a single paragraph from the ROSA PARKS essay.
Summarize (with the basic triangle structure) the essay of ROSA PARKS
Topic sentence
Supporting details
Concluding remark