1. UNIT 3 HEALTH & HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AOS 2
Promoting Health in Australia

2. UNIT 3 AOS 2 – Promoting health in Australia
KEY KNOWLEDGE
Models of health and health promotion including:
Biomedical model of health
Social model of health
The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion
KEY SKILLS
Analyse the different approaches to health and health promotion.

3. UNIT 3 AOS 2 – Promoting health in Australia
Key questions
What is the biomedical model of health?
What is the social model of health?
What is the focus of each model?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of each model?
Why is the biomedical model more expensive?
Why is it important to have both the biomedical model and the social model of health if we are to improve health status?
What are the differences between the two models?
Where does the Ottawa Charter fit in here?

4. APPROACHES TO HEALTH CARE
As the understanding of health status and its contributing determinants have developed over many years, so have the approaches intended to improve health. In order to assess the adequacy and effectiveness of Australia’s health care system it’s important to understand the nature and role of each approach to health care.

5. THE BIOMEDICAL MODEL OF HEALTH
One of the approaches to health care we will be focusing on is called the BIOMEDICAL MODEL OF HEALTH.
The term ‘BIOMEDICAL’ comes from the Greek work bios (meaning ‘life’) and the Latin word medicus (meaning ‘healing’).
Outlined below is the definition of the Biomedical Model of Health as found in the Study Design:
‘Focuses on the physical or biological aspects of disease and illness. It is a medical model of care practised by doctors and/or health professionals and is associated with the diagnosis, cure and treatment of disease.’ (Study Design pg 34)

6. THE BIOMEDICAL MODEL OF HEALTH
It is sometimes referred to as: the ‘fix it’, ‘band aid’ or ‘quick fix’ approach as it involves trying to diagnose and treat illnesses and conditions once symptoms are present.
It centres around doctors, health professionals and hospitals, who administer treatment.
Focuses on INDIVIDUALS and attempts to return the physical health of the person to a pre-illness state.
Focuses on ‘ill health’ – provision of health care is seen as a response to the ‘breakdown’ of the body. The body is treated as a machine – it’s thought to be capable of repair if one part breaks down.
Using this view of health and illness, the body (focusing on the ‘physical’ aspects of health) is seen in isolation from behavioural, social and environmental factors.
It suggests that the absence of disease = ‘health’.

7. THE BIOMEDICAL MODEL OF HEALTH
Examples include:

8. THE BIOMEDICAL MODEL OF HEALTH
Examples include the use of:
Medical technologies (eg: xrays, ultrasounds etc)
Laboratory testing
Professional health workers (eg: Doctors, Nurses etc)

9. THE BIOMEDICAL MODEL OF HEALTH
Medication (eg: antibiotics)
Hospitalisation
Surgery
Diagnosis

10. THE BIOMEDICAL MODEL OF HEALTH
As technologies and treatments were discovered in the 20th Century, there was increased pressure on hospitals and health professionals to diagnose disease accurately and to find cures and treatments.
Medical science and technologies are pivotal in this model and many medical advances have occurred as a result of the Biomedical Model of Health.
This approach to health care has been dominant form many years and has played a large role in prolonging life expectancy in Australia.
The Biomedical Model of Health receives the majority of health care funding (over 90%). It’s important to remember that the cost of diagnosis, treatment and research into illness and cures are VERY expensive!

11. THE BIOMEDICAL MODEL OF HEALTH
The ADVANTAGES of the Biomedical Model of Health:
It creates advances in technology and research – Without this model, we wouldn’t have things like xrays, antibiotics and anaesthetics. We also wouldn’t have as much knowledge of how to diagnose and treat illnesses.
Many common problems can now be effectively treated – Most people have a range of medications over the course of their lives. Many are taken for granted as they stop diseases that would otherwise develop and cause considerable ill- health or death.
Extends Life Expectancy
Improves quality of life – This model can be successful in returning an ill person to good health.

12. THE BIOMEDICAL MODEL OF HEALTH
The DISADVANTAGES of the Biomedical Model of Health:
It relies on professional health workers and technology (therefore costly $) – People with specialist knowledge about disease and treatment are required to adequately treat the patient. As knowledge and technology have developed, the cost of training and equipment has also increased. (Eg: MRI machines can cost millions and only treat a small number of people a day).
It does NOT promote good health – People start to rely on the health care system to fix any problems that arise, including those caused by behavioural determinants such as smoking and poor diet. As the focus of this model is on the condition itself, the broader determinants are often neglected. This doesn’t always encourage people to lead healthier lives.

13. THE BIOMEDICAL MODEL OF HEALTH
The DISADVANTAGES of the Biomedical Model of Health:
Not every condition can be treated – Cancer is an example of a condition that has treatments available but no cure. Treatments are not always successful.
Affordability – Not all countries can afford the medical technologies and resources that are part of the Biomedical model of health care. This contributes to variations in health status.

14. Key skills – exam practice
There are many biomedical approaches to health and dental care.
Identify one biomedical approach to health care and explain how it could assist in the maintenance of dental health in children VCAA: Written exam 2003
One mark was available for naming an appropriate biomedical approach to health care and one mark for the explanation
of how it could assist in the maintenance of dental health in children. One student wrote:
One biomedical approach to health care in association with dental health in children would be having fillings put in the child’ tooth or teeth when there are holes found. This assists in the maintenance of dental health of children as it allows the holes in the teeth to be filled, ensuring that the teeth will be safe from holes becoming any bigger which will ensure there are less of a chance of there becoming more serious dental problems.
Key skills – exam practice

15. THE SOCIAL MODEL OF HEALTH

16. THE SOCIAL MODEL OF HEALTH Definition:
A conceptual framework which improvements in health and well-being are achieved by directing efforts towards addressing the social, cultural, economic and environmental determinants of health. The model is based on the understanding that in order for health gains to occur, social, economic and environmental determinants must be addressed.

17. THE SOCIAL MODEL OF HEALTH
The Social Model of Health is an approach to health that attempts to address the broader influences of health rather than disease and injury . It focuses on on factors that can lead to poor health.
It aims to improve health and well being.
Policies, education and health promotion activities are the key aspects of the Social Model of Health
The Social Model of Health is based on an understanding that, in order for health to improve the social, economic and environmental determinants of health need to be addressed.

18. Relationship between the determinants of health and health status
Social
Economic
Environmental
RURAL AND REMOTE
SOCIAL EXCLUSION
ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE
FOOD SECURITY
STRESS
MEDIA
POVERTY
EARLY LIFE EXPERIENCES
SES
UNEMPLOYMENT
EDUCATION
INCOME
POLLUTION
SANITATION
SAFE WATER
WORK PLACE SAFETY
NEIGHBOURHOOD SAFETY
Behavioural
TOBACCO
PHYSICAL
ALCOHOL
DRIG USE
SUN PROTECTION
ACTIVITY
If all these causes can be addressed many diseases and illnesses can be prevented altogether

19. THE SOCIAL MODEL OF HEALTH
Policies, education and health promotion activities are the key aspects of the Social Model of Health
If all these causes can be addressed many diseases and illnesses can be prevented altogether
How can this be achieved?
Community Approach
Not the individual

20. THE PRINCIPLES OF THE SOCIAL MODEL OF HEALTH
Remember these by AREAS Addresses, Reduce, Empowers, Acts, InterSectorial

21. THE PRINCIPLES OF THE SOCIAL MODEL OF HEALTH
Only by involving all interested and concerned groups can the social determinants be adequately addressed
C - Collaboration
The social model of health acts to enable all people to have access to appropriate health care regardless of their social situation
A - Access
Addressing the broader determinant of health is a key aspect of the social model of health.
D - Determinants
The social model of health aims to promote equity for all people and to achieve this, the social determinants be adequately addressed
I – Inequity
Empowering individuals and communities with health knowledge and skills means that they are in a position to make positive changes to their health
E - Empowerment

22. THE PRINCIPLES OF THE SOCIAL MODEL OF HEALTH
Involves inter- sectorial Collaboration
Only by involving all interested and concerned groups can the social determinants be adequately addressed
The social and environmental determinants of health cannot be addressed by the health sector alone
Collaboration or
Working together

23. THE PRINCIPLES OF THE SOCIAL MODEL OF HEALTH
Involves inter-sectorial Collaboration
Employment, Education
Finance
Social Security
Environment
Sanitation
Determinants of health
Government departments
Non-government organisations
Private sector
Health sector
Vic Health
Nutrition Australia
BeyondBlue
Hospitals
Doctors
Research
Medicare
PBS
Water supply
Energy supply
Transport
Manufacturers

24. THE PRINCIPLES OF THE SOCIAL MODEL OF HEALTH
Acts to enable Access to health care
The social model of health acts to enable all people to have access to appropriate health care regardless of their social situation
Health services should be affordable and available according to people’s needs. Health information should be available to all in accessible and appropriate formats

25. THE PRINCIPLES OF THE SOCIAL MODEL OF HEALTH
Addresses the broader Determinants of health
Addressing the broader determinant of health is a key aspect of the social model of health.
Behavioural Determinants
These need to be addressed to improve health
These are often influenced by other broader determinants of health such as:
Social determinants
Economic determinants
Environmental determinants
Gender: Culture: Race:
Ethnicity
SES: Unemployment: working conditions
Location: Physical environment: housing

26. THE PRINCIPLES OF THE SOCIAL MODEL OF HEALTH
Acts to reduce social Inequities
The social model of health aims to promote equity for all people and to achieve this, the social determinants be adequately addressed
Gender,
Culture,
Race,
Socioeconomic Status,
Location
Physical Environment.

27. THE PRINCIPLES OF THE SOCIAL MODEL OF HEALTH
Empowers individuals and communities
Empowering individuals and communities with health knowledge and skills means that they are in a position to make positive changes to their health
People have the right to participate in decision-making about their health and to access skills and resources they need to change factors which influence their health.

28. THE OTTAWA CHARTER FOR HEALTH PROMOTION
The principle of the Ottawa Charter was founder on the Social Model of Health
The Ottawa Charter outlines guidelines to help organisations and key stakeholders incorporate health promotion ideas into strategies, policies and campaigns.
The Ottawa Charter was adopted by Australia as a means of promoting health

29. THE OTTAWA CHARTER FOR HEALTH PROMOTION
The Ottawa Charter identifies certain prerequisites or basic conditions and resources that must be available if any gains in health are to occur.
Peace
Education
Stable ecosystem
Our ecosystem provides resources for health – water, air, food – balance between the landscape and plants/animas
Shelter
Food
Social justice and equity
Refers to all people being valued and receiving fair treatment
Income
Sustainable resources
Resources such as food, water, fish, oil, timber. These must cause little or no damage to the environment - able to continue for a long time

30. THE OTTAWA CHARTER FOR HEALTH PROMOTION
The Ottawa Charter sets out five priority or action areas that should be taken into account when devising health promotion initiatives
Building Health Public Policy
B - bad
Create Supportive Environments
C - cats
Strengthen Community Action
S - smell
Develop Personal Skills
D - dead
Reorient Health Services
R - rats

31. THE OTTAWA CHARTER FOR HEALTH PROMOTION
Priority or Action area 1
Building Health Public Policy
B - bad
Relates directly to decisions made by governments and organisations in relation to laws and policies that directly affect health
health sector • local councils - recreation
work place policies • housing and transport
school policies
Examples:
healthier environments – banning smoking
influence behaviour – compulsory wearing of seat belts
wearing hats during play at school
removing the GST on unprocessed foods

32. THE OTTAWA CHARTER FOR HEALTH PROMOTION
Priority or Action Area 2
Create Supportive Environments
C - cats
A supportive environment is one that promotes health and assists people in making healthy lifestyle choices. Its aim is to provide a:
Healthy Physical Environment:
●Where we work, live, go to school. EG Providing shaded areas in schools -
● Protect the physical environment – investing in sustainable energy production
Healthy Social Environment:
●Help and support to others. EG Quitline – support to smokers wanting to quit
● Help and support from others
● Fulfilling social life

33. THE OTTAWA CHARTER FOR HEALTH PROMOTION
Action area 3
Strengthen Community Action
S - smell
● This action area is centred around the community working together to achieve a common goal
● The more people working together towards a common goal, the greater the chance of success.
● Communities work together to identify and set health priorities, and plan and implement strategies to achieve better health
Example: Government immunisation scheme higher immunisation rates
Doctors
Media
Schools
Parents

34. THE OTTAWA CHARTER FOR HEALTH PROMOTION
Priority or Action Area 4
Develop Personal Skills
D - dead
● Education is the key aspect of this priority area
● People gain knowledge and skills necessary to make decisions that will affect their health
● People who have knowledge and life skills have greater control over their lives and choices to enhance health
Examples:
Talking to people to resolve conflict rather than using violence

35. THE OTTAWA CHARTER FOR HEALTH PROMOTION
Priority or Action Area 5
Reorient Health Services
R - rats
● Movement away from the biomedical model to one that promotes health and prevents ill health +
● Includes all members of the community
Doctors + hospitals + individuals + community groups + health professionals + government departments
● Examples :
Healthy eating to reduce impact of CVD rather than surgery
Physical activity to reduce obesity and type 2 diabetes

36. THE OTTAWA CHARTER FOR HEALTH PROMOTION
Priority or Action Area 5
Reorient Health Services
R - rats
● A health system that reflects the Social Model of Health must therefore address all the determinants of health, not just disease
This requires a shift towards health promotion (The process of enabling people to increase control over,
and to improve their health) Doctors take on a role of educator or provide preventive health care messages not just curative care

37. Strategies for Health Promotion
The Ottawa Charter also states that the following three basic prerequisites are the foundation for health promotion.

38. ADVOCATE
Political, economic, social, cultural, environmental, behavioural, and biological factors can all favour health or be harmful to it. Health promotion actions aim at making these conditions favourable through advocacy for health.
Good health is a major resource for social, economic and personal development and an important dimension of quality of life.
Advocacy for health refers to actions that seek to gain support from governments and societies in general to make the changes necessary to improve the determinants of health for everyone.

39. ENABLE Health promotion focuses on achieving equity in health.
Health promotion actions aim at reducing differences in current health status and ensuring equal opportunities and resources to enable all people to achieve optimal health.
People cannot achieve optimal health unless they are able to take control of those things that determine their health.

40. MEDIATE
Health promotion demands co-ordinated action by all concerned governments, health and other social and economic sectors, non-government and voluntary organisations, local authorities, industry, and the media.
Professional and social groups and health personnel have a major responsibility to mediate differing interests in society for the pursuit of health.

41. THE OTTAWA CHARTER FOR HEALTH PROMOTION
For each of the statements listed below indicate which of the 5 priority or action areas of the Ottawa Charter are represented.
Legislation that bans smoking in public places
QUIT campaigns advertising on billboards, stickers and TV
Programs made available to school students about how to practice safe sex
Introduction of condom vending machines in public places
Occupational health and safety requirements for building sites
Erecting sun shade at local swimming pools and sporting venues
Provision of palliative care and support for AIDS sufferers
Taxation subsides for sunscreen
Learning how to detect changes in moles on your skin
Development of a National Policy on ATSI health
Providing bike tracks in the local community
Establishing support groups for heart attack sufferers
GP’s providing information on the risk factors for CVD